Stress Management Speech Outline Essay - 893 Words

Topic: Stress Management Purpose: To inform the class of different ways to deal with and manage stress. Thesis Statement: Stress management practices that help the mind and body handle stress. I. Introduction A. Attention getter: We’ve all had days when everything seems to go wrong. You’re getting ready for work and you spill coffee on yourself. On your way to work, you get a speeding ticket. When you get to work, everyone needs your help. Your day ends at work, you finally get home to sit and relax but wait, the kids are hungry and the house is a mess. When does it end! B. Thesis statement: Stress management practices that help the mind and body handle stress. C. Credibility Statement: I have experienced†¦show more content†¦b. Work: Worried about getting laid off from your job, demands on the job so you don’t get laid off, and new responsibilities. c. Family: Arguments with your spouse or other family members. Making sure children are fed, homework is done, and in bed at a decent hour. Transition – Next we will take a look at how to cope with stress using stress management techniques. C. How to handle stress with stress management techniques: 1. Avoid unnecessary stress. a. Learn how to say no. Know your limits and don’t accept more responsibilities when you’re close to reaching your limit. b. Trim down your to-do list. If you have too much on your plate, figure out what are a â€Å"must† rather than a â€Å"should.† Drop anything that is not truly necessary. c. Try to avoid people who cause you stress. If you can change your relationship, limit the amount of time spent with that person or put an end to the relationship. 2. Accept the things you cannot change. d. Many things in life are uncontrollable so don’t try to control them. Instead of stress out over them, focus on the things in your control. You can control how you react to certain uncontrollable problems. e. â€Å"What doesn’t kill us make us stronger.† When you’re faced with challenges, look at them as an opportunity for personal growth. Reflect on the choices you make and learn from your mistakes. f. Learn to share yourShow MoreRelatedChapter 3 : An Purpose For Reading1324 Words   |  6 Pagesreading. Chapter 3 helped me get involve with my readings by annotating the text and developing questions within the text while I am actively engaging with my studies. Also, this chapter showed me different note taking styles which are mind mapping, outline, SQ3R, and Cornell notes. I can make a mixture of these note taking styles to my preference. Chapter 7 is another useful resource, this chapter discuss thinking clearly and communicating your ideas. 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The Technological Life Cycle Free Essays

Today we swim in a sea of ever-changing technology that affects us as much as our thoughts and actions shape it. The technology we have chosen, either by the preferences of those who use it, or the agendas of those who own and benefit from it, has had its own influence on us from gross examples such as increased pollution, or a higher Western-style standard of living, to the way one person perceives another. Some people who resist using some, or even all technology; they are often called Luddites by those who embrace all things new; another type calls themselves Neo-Luddites, such as Kirkpatrick Sale. We will write a custom essay sample on The Technological Life Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his book Human scale, Sale describes the slow rotting of the stones of the Parthenon and other ancient monuments to civilization from the acid pollution developed by our present Industrial civilization and compares it to the slow disintegration our industrialized society has seemed to have undergone. He identifies effects of technology which have been harmful to the human condition and the environment, but seems to not quite â€Å"get it† about the Luddites: they were not fighting the machines themselves; they were struggling against powers of society that, for the past century, through enclosure and the abolishment of commonality [and the subsequent arisal of a class of people who lived by renting their labor: the working class] (Laslett, 195), had been seeking to disempower and disenfranchise the mass of people, and were now striking anew with the latest, and most powerful manifestation of their social policies, the Industrial Factory. The men of Nottinghamshire who died as Luddites were fighting a system, not a technology, a system whose intentions were not to cut costs and increase efficiency, but to increase the control of management (i. e. the control of the owners of capital) over labor. Technological developments are made by, and in the best interests of those who own those who own and benefit from technical innovations (Law, 195). The history of Industrial factory technology begins to appear as a collective fetish of the ruling classes for instruments of control. In American Industrial development, the direction of technological development since the Civil War has been driven by the largest customer of that Industry, the Military (Noble, 334), and the society that works in and uses the products of that Industry has been affected by that direction. But as to the woes of our civilization, â€Å"†¦ Technology is not the problem, nor is it the solution. The problem is political, moral, and cultural, as is the solution: a successful challenge to a system of domination which masquerades as progress. † Social power is needed to direct the resources necessary for technological innovation; so during the history of the Industrial Age, at the beginning, the machines were new, large, and expensive, so only those who controlled enough social power to bring about the machines could decide on what forms those machines came in– the wealthy, and the state, through the needs of the military. Less expensive and more efficient technologies were stifled by those in authority if they did not contribute to the goal of taking power away from the workers and placing it in the hands of management. In this century, the development of Numerically Controlled (N/C) machine tools was controlled by the emerging military-industrial complex, which spared no expense to implement a troublesome and complicated technology that was no better than the conventional methods, and inferior to the alternative Record/Playback automated machining (Noble, 146). The Boeing plant in Seattle even had special switches on the machines so the operators could signal the manager for permission to go to the bathroom! (Noble, 243) The engineers of the 1950’s announced the dawning of a Second Industrial Revolution- one that would finalize the subjugation of labor- but instead that Revolution has come full circle: we presently have come to a break-even point where the products of the Industrial Age are now its undoing; mass-production and the unprecedented ability of modern electronic communication. Mass production was intended partially to maximise the usefulness of expensive machines through continuous production, but also to discipline workers who had to attend to the rigors of working with a machine that never took breaks, never slowed down, and never stopped for a stray finger or hand. The reduction in the prices of many goods due to mass-production has enabled the average citizen to afford many amenities which would have been beyond his means a century ago- including capital goods, which more and more tend not to be heavy machinery, but relatively inexpensive electronic devices. The Information Age is just beginning, and the control of information is the control of power, power to direct the next step of technological development. Once, publishing required printing presses, copious amounts of paper, and the ability to distribute printed matter, and thus the wealthy controlled the written word. Now, anyone with a computer and an Internet connection can make a Web page accessable to millions of people around the world. Scientists use this ultra-efficient electronic journal to advance their research (Stix, 106), and now, the explosion of popularity in the net brings together people of all different beliefs and motivations into the discussion that shapes society. Political ideas once suppressed by newspaper chains and television networks now filter through the strands of the Internet. In this new society, anyone who is interesting enough can be a star (Browning). Luddites are not afraid to use new technology- somethings are better done by them (Martinez). Power looms had been around before Jacquard’s innovation; for even a Luddite saw that it took much of the effort out of the work, and he could produce far more than with a conventional loom- but those machines amplified and extended the skills of the operator, instead of replacing them with punched cards. The center of the struggle through the ages never was machines, it always was, and still is information- the control of information- that is, skills and knowledge. Slavery devalues the enslaved, and desensitizes the enslavers. Free labor cannot compete fairly against slaves; this has been a fact since the beginning of history, and it applies whether the slaves are human or machines. â€Å"†¦ Our discrimination against machines hurts us just as much as it hurts the machines that we confine, in a second-order way, to the mechanical margins of our human civilisation. † (Law, 17) We prefer to think of ourselves as special, exclusively posessing self-awareness and intentionality, but what justifies our prejudice? â€Å"†¦ What entitles us to attribute intentionality to non-machines in the first place? What makes our description of human intentionality other than metaphorical? † (Law, 91) We fear being dehumanised by being equated with machines, because our speciist biases tell us that the non-human is less than human, just as racism and sexism deny the humanity of those who are not like us- but we are in fact part machine ourselves! Our lives are a series of human/machine interactions, and each living half of society is dependent on the other. The machines are alive, and to deny that they When machines are not free, neither are men, and both suffer. As long as the controllers of the machines can reap profit from their labor, they will continue the fight to eliminate the wage-earning human worker, and as they push their human and mechanical robots to higher levels of production, their suffering will increase: for example, between 1940 and 1945, eleven times as many Americans were killed or injured in industrial accidents than in combat. In most factories, management requires production speeds that cause machines to break down more frequently, and prohibit proper repair of them when they do, causing them work less efficiently– so they are run faster, forcing human workers to keep up with them, increasing accident and equipment failure rates†¦ So long as the machines are enslaved, they, through no fault of their own, will be used to bludgeon the working class, and then cast aside as scrap. The time has come for human and machine robots to come together in common struggle for the rights of both. Machines have the right to fair compensation for labor rendered as production, for their proper maintenance and repair. It is the responsibility of those work most closely with, and operate the machines, to advocate their cause, to ensure the collection of just compensation, and to protect and maintain them in good mechanical health. We cannot wait for the grace of capitalists to give up their slaves; a revolution is called for- a revolution of capital from the state and the idle rich to those who actually work with it at a person-machine level. A naive faith in technology’s power to improve our lives through easier and less work has led organized labor in this country to the sorry state it is now in, while the increased profits and leisure time have mostly gone to a corporate elite. Waiting for technological deliverance at the mercy of the social powers that control technology is futile- labor must become proactive and strive to liberate themselves from the Industrial system by liberating the machines from their capitalist slave-drivers. A new social movement is needed, to spread awareness of the rights of machines as well as of men, and to help build a new class of capitalist/workers, who do not merely own their own means of production, but work together with machines towards a better future. 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How the Colonies of Virginia and Massachusetts Differ free essay sample

But in the Virginia colony, they were quite numerous. African Americans were needed more in the Southern Colonies because they needed laborers to work in the fields. Massachusetts had fewer slaves because their land was less fertile. The slaves they did have were used more as indentured servants. Massachusettss slaves had a more relaxed way of life compared to the slaves of the south. The slaves of the south did strenuous work in the heat for many hours a day with little food and clothing. Lastly, in Virginia, the English manors became southern plantations and in Massachusetts, the New England village became the New England town. The huts of Jamestown were soon replaced with lavishing brick houses. In the seventeenth century, the colonial style emerged in Virginia. These mansions had spectacular gardens and glass windows imported from Europe. These plantations were also known for their grand, moss-covered oaks. The Virginian farmers were known for their luxurious living and exceeding hospitality. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Colonies of Virginia and Massachusetts Differ or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The people of Massachusetts initially lived in tee-pee or cave-like structures. These houses gave way to small-framed houses made from clapboards. Massachusetts has snow-filled winters, so they had very steep roofs that were covered with grasses. By the end of the seventeenth century, New England houses were centered around a fireplace, and like the Virginia Mansions, had glass windows. It is easy to say that both of these Colonies are vastly different. I think that without these differences, America, as we know it today could be substantially different. When looking back on the societies and economies of these colonies I see that no matter how religious or non-religious, agriculturally inclined or otherwise, we as a people have our intuition and aptitude to bring us through whatever hardships we may face. I think that is what makes this country so great.

Leadership Development Action free essay sample

In order to become an exemplary leader, I plan to strengthen my weakness in areas received from i360 assessments primarily focusing on three areas: decision making, time management and communication. As I have learned the importance of coaching, and have found the process to be of benefit, I seek proficiency in the areas of leadership behaviors. The type of behaviors that will strengthen usage of communicable tools need to grow as I yearn to inspire others to envision their futures, and act on them. My ideal path is first and foremost to stay on track and successfully complete the MBA program. As I acquired transforming skills, I look forward to the path that will help me understand concepts needed to start a long awaited dream, a staffing agency with special emphasis on disabilities as a plant seeds to grow. Assignment Review I have learned from classmates during discussions posts regarding leadership competencies such as in the case of Paul Levy‘s Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center case study. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Development Action or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As for people coming together, I understand the importance of having a vision and how one becomes compelled to learn more. My interview with Dr. A. Ward was as refreshing as she challenged the process by beating the odds of racism, sexism, and poverty. And as I come to comprehend impacts of different leadership behaviors, I realize how important it is to plan small wins and to be empowered by others. The road taken to have my vision come to life involves more than the thought; if you dont know where youre going, you might end up someplace else (Nanus, p 317). Based on the instruction I received from Levy’s case, I am making better decisions and found news ways to motivate people as well as analyze issues more appropriately. Competencies I Wish to Develop The competencies I wish to develop are: challenging the process, model the way and enable others to act. When I think of developing competencies, I think of my interview with Dr. Ward’s struggles at beating the odds as a single parent of four, challenging the status quo, and that she learned to make education a game of competition as she modeled the way for others. I too challenge the process as there are not many agencies existing that are willing to go the extra mile to hire someone who may need additional training. I plan to set the example of the importance of face-to-face interactivity by asking successful leaders to give some of their time back to communities in need. Physical contact will allow our clients to focus on their goals as they are inspired from our success stories. As we search for opportunities, I want to enable others to act from success stories shared to inspire underprivileged children that they can soar as well. To strengthen others, I need to develop and make more informed decisions and be more realistic on how to overcome barriers. As Dr. Ward spoke of her leadership effectiveness, she challenged the process evaluating the consequences of her actions knowing the odds were against her succeeding. As I realize the odds of finding employment may be challenging, I am up for the challenge. We must be in tuned with ourselves. In order to deliver information properly; there’s reality. I prepare myself for the worst at all time. As I look into each theory, I realize there is so much emotion involved theory we accept, one thing we have to keep in mind as we focus on being leaders, Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee (2008) states: â€Å"How well leaders manage their moods and affect everyone else’s moods, then, becomes not just a private matter, but a factor in how well a business will do. Emotions play into how we challenge the process, in relation to challenging for a purpose. My Stretch Plan I can continue to review best practices shared from other resources and introduce them to our institution to heighten performance levels. I will continue to have a positive impact on the position I hold at the college where I work. I work in a time sensitive environment; I fear not meeting goals as accurately as proposed. In times of uncertainty, I promise to imamate Levy actions as he answered inquiries timely. I plan to use to time management skills more effectively as I have learned the consequences of not meeting deadlines. Despite the inevitability of mistakes and failure, skills acquired from the program will allow me to reposition myself into becoming a more powerful performer that welcomes room for change and the awareness it brings. I am already stretched, as I work eight to ten hours daily, five days a week; one additional day four to six hours part-time as a bookkeeper and is known as a mother and wife, cook, shall I say more. I have given up most of my free time; I barely have time as a person. As a leader, I will continue to demonstrate my intense commitment to the values I espouse by setting an example that hard work pays off. In order to become successful during this pursuit, I must be a realist and understand that if I can’t manage time effectively, I won’t make it. Ergo, I stretch to reload and start holding my direct reports more accountable for their actions to free up some time whereby I might be able to relax. I also need to focus on delegating and following up as I plan to use leadership development as a guide to embark as I improve my ability to challenge the process. Leadership Values, Goals Mission My Vision as a leader is to be able to master a many leadership skills so that I can effectively communicate my goals. As I realize my primary vision is to make money, the second passion is to invest in a business to inspire others so that they too can do the same. As I want to focus on changing, adapting, and empowering people to realize their own energy. I look forward to completing this degree. As Dr. Ward articulated there were a lot of inefficiencies and failures she learned to challenge the way by sharing her experiences using emotional and authentic leadership characteristics, I too need to realize what lies ahead and be honest with myself want to develop competence and confidence more within so that I can continue to interject and practice new experiences with my staff. Leaders increase the belief in their own ability to make a difference, according to Kouzes Posner, (2007), leaders help others to learn new skills and development existing talents, and they provide the institutional support required for ongoing growth and change. In the final analysis, what leaders are doing is turning their constituents into leaders (251). My future staffing and empowerment agency mission is to do just that. What I Have Learned As I agree with Kotter (2008), leadership and management are two distinctive and complementary systems of action, and are necessary for success of all business ventures, I know they must coexist. Because there are so many similarities in both functions, I sway back and forth on the approaches of why one supersedes the other. While it may be easy to state that both leadership and management have to balance one another based on actions that fall under both theories. Those who perform in managerial positions have limitations because their visions are micro managed. As we network amongst each other, (leaders and managers) and while leaders are considered the visionaries, why is it that they need mangers to carry out their dreams? I believe the mood and tone does set a difference between leaders. I have to listen and focus on what is being expressed. Connecting with staff members on a positive light can be very rewarding, in reverse, as a leader, it can cause total anarchy. Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee (2008) believe great leadership works through their emotions (p 16). As I agree with the authentic approach, and highly believe that you must always be yourself. Bennis (2008) states, â€Å"authentic leaders are generous and may experience a pang at watching someone accomplish something they cannot do† at that point, emotions are running high (p 73). And because of their actions, regardless of their leadership behavior, they cannot help but become emotional; it is an inevitable characteristic. I also learned that people have capacities to become strong mangers, but not strong enough to lead. Such as in the case of a well rounded educator who is incapable of delivering good instruction to students. Strong leadership with weak management is no better, and is sometimes actually worse, than the reverse. (Kotter, 2008). Initial behavior changes come directly from managers; even though leadership is about change, management and leadership are about coping with complexities, both are bosses, both are in demand. I know that my dream involves Kouzes Posner, (2007), â€Å"Leaders know well that innovation and change involves experimenting and taking risks. One way of dealing with the potential risks and failure of experimentation is to approach change through incremental steps and small wins; and that the key that unlocks the door to opportunity is learning† (pp 19-20). The two closest styles I related with most are emotional and authentic leadership as I feel they interrelate. As in the case of Dr. King’s, â€Å"I have a Dream â€Å"speech. While most of us have learned to rise from the occasion, and understand, historically, mankind has come a long way, if we are to live as one, we have yet a long way to go; actions for good leadership are of great need. We must realize that we cannot walk alone, collaboration is needed. Dr. King beliefs were very authentic and emotion as he captured the nation’s attention to address equality. This speech inspired me to remain committed to the cause of being myself, a compassionate person that listens and acts on the needs of others while servicing in the educational and private sector. I have learned to connect history to my future as I envision using my leadership skills as a reminder that history does count and can be used as a shield and/or guide to help others move forward. Dr. King’s speech teaches all how important our history is and how it actually relates to our future. While he spoke then on a bogus check, our nation still seems is trying to cash in on the same dollar. We have enslaved ourselves in a different light; our standards seem to be sub standing and there is still a need for change. I learned from my leadership interview with Dr. Anitra J. Ward, who is a self-described political animal that loves challenging others to excels. She added that it is not enough to simply do the normal things on a job, e. g. coming to work on time, finishing tasks, one must work and play well with others. The reality is that work environments are not just about the job you were hired to do, it’s about knowing who you are and what’s important; a true authentic sign of leadership. Leaders need to share the missteps that they make and provide a map that guides the others along the way so that they can model the way for others. I’ve learned from this course that I need to tap into my own needs, strengths, weaknesses as I develop and focus on specializing in I have accepted concentrating on my writing skills, it is of the greatest important as I have to learn to articulate my thoughts succinctly. The main thing that I am taking away from course is that nothing is ever â€Å"finished† when it comes to organizational battles; alliances change as new challenges are introduced to the workplace. As a leader who is willing to challenge the traditional process, I must be prepared to take the first step alone and give others the time to determine their own level of comfort for change. Levy knew that he could not do it alone, it took collaboration. I attempt to incorporate as much as I have learned from my MBA experience with my direct reports and subordinates. This in turn fosters collaboration and development of new processes and procedures for future endeavors. I will continue to inspire others to excel and use my coaching skills as a less formal way of expression for growth. My Proposed Project I plan to put my experience to practice within the within the next two years. I want to own an employment agency focusing on placing people with disabilities on the job. As a backup plan, I want to be an educator. The individuals that I will serve must be drug free and be able to comprehend, yet, have the ability to perform as the job would relate to their situation. According to the Office of Disability Employment Polity (ODEP), Temporary staffing agencies may be one answer to people with disabilities finding employment opportunities. Qualified persons with disabilities represent a largely untapped labor source (http://www. ol. gov/odep/pubs/ek99/temp. htm). Because of my backup plan to work as an educator, I also envision working primarily with underprivileged children; focusing on the importance of education and self preservation. My platform will be to enhance their understanding of community service as they are exposed to the benefits from preparing earlier for success. By creating an environment of this nature, I want to model the way by showing (those society see as less fortunate) people, I care and can make a positive difference in their lives with the help from others as we strengthened their learning capabilities. Activities I will model the value of collaboration by sharing information and encouraging others to persevere. Empowerment will come in the form of team members adjusting their schedules to help their contemporary complete their studies if they take advantage of free tuition policy. In this respect a sense of trust is formed amongst ourselves as we pass on the torch to encourage the next to join in. By having models of success that people can identify with, it is my hope that others will be empowered to take advantage of the benefits education has to offer. My staff spends that majority of the day together as we see each other as an extended family member. As a families are seen to enjoy one another’s company at dinner time, we have found it important to acknowledge family ways and in the same light. Through positive emotional support during stressful experiences, we value sharing a meal. As we support face-to-face interactions, meals serve its purpose by bringing them closer to another as the goal is to create an image of unity. It is so important for the leader to provide lasting opportunities for team members as they intermingle. According to Kouzes Posner (2007) frequent interactions between people promote positive feelings on the part of each other for the other (p 24). Who would have ever thought a meal could make a difference. Key Insights Conclusions As initial behavioral changes come directly from managers, I have learned as a leader we have to be very careful in our delivery as our actions can cause staff to personally lose respect and devalue everything that comes out of our mouth even though moods and emotions are seen trivial from a business point of view (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2008, p 21). I must be able to articulate to my audiences in a captivating manner. I agree in the primal leadership theory; introspectively speaking, yes we must be in tuned with ourselves, this makes us authentic. And as we are challenged daily with unforeseen events, we have to put on that face as well as relay updates to our direct reports. I find it unsettling as I express directives that take tolls on staff, as a woman, (an emotional being). I have found as changes arise, subordinates seek surrogacy; even men fall into this category, they want recognition in the same regard. Studies have found that more positive the overall moods of people in the top management team, the more cooperatively they worked together – and the better the company’s business results (Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee, 2008, p 23). I will take all of these evaluations and incorporate them into the culture of my business. For I look forward to a reputable place where people are delighted to be a part of; as trust, respect and honesty are prime characteristics. I will work on remaining calm and focused in stressful situations for it serves as a benchmark in my decision making and communicational skills. And as Dr. Ward expressed, â€Å"Anyone can steer a ship in calm waters, but it takes competence at the helm to navigate treacherous seas. † This is a motto she constantly used as she pushed others to excel. Conger (1989) suggest: rather to be truly effective it requires an understanding of subordinates and one’s organizational context †¦that forms partnerships to enhance their products or services (p 23). Sure, management practices vary as people understand the context of their environment, it’s also important to note that teamwork counts and it’s good to want people to feel comfortable and in charge while performing daily. I look forward to multiplicity as diversity helped Levy’s prior experience to be of great benefit as he gained trust from internal and external constituents. His role proved a true global leader; effectively proving organization and leadership are intertwined with culture formation, evolution, transformation and destruction (Schein, 2008, p368). I will take all of the skills acquired from the various degrees obtained coupled with work exposure to highlight future decisions. All I can do as I see the benefits of interacting and inspiring my team that their presence does make difference as I agree with Kouzes Posner, (2007) in the end, we realize that leadership development is self- development. Meeting the leadership challenge is a personal – and a daily – challenge for all of us. We know that if you have the will and the way to lead, you can. You have to supply the will. We’ll do our best to supply the way†.

The eNotes Blog Top 10 Works LostForever

Top 10 Works LostForever There are some things we will just never know: why do we have so many unmatched socks, and what do all those keys we carry around actually unlock? But bigger than all of these mysteries is one of the ultimate onesthe loss to humanity of some possibly important works of literature. This week, Megan Gambino, writing for  Smithsonian.com compiled what she deems to be the Top 10 Books Lost to Time. While there is a chance some of these manuscripts might be located someday, it is a slim chance indeed. Here is a synopsis of her argument: 1.   Homer’s Margites Sadly, absolutely no extant copies exist, though authors such as Plato and Aristotle quote from Magrites in their own works. Interestingly, Magrites was a comedy.   Aristotle held it in as much acclaim as The Iliad and The Odyssey. 2.   Lost Books of the Bible These are not the texts which were discarded from the canon, but works actually lost. These books are referenced within the Bible that we know, but no copies have ever been discovered. The Book of Numbers, for instance, mentions the Book of the Battles of Yahweh. The First and Second Book of Kings and the First and Second Book of Chronicles names a Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and a Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah. There are over 20 titles for which the text is missing, Gambino says. 3. William Shakespeare’s Cardenio Intriguingly, this play is known to have been performed by Shakespeares company, but no copies survive. The plot is said to involve a character named Cardenio who appears in Cervantes Don Quixote. 4.   Inventio Fortunata Inventio Fortunata is the work of an unknown 14th century Franciscan monk who charted the Arctic and described in detail what he believed to be the North Pole. A Flemish author incorporated parts of the work into his own book, Itinerarium, but then that book too went missing. In 1577, the verbiage copied from the monk and then the Flemish writer was once again copied by Gerard Mercator, a leading 16th century cartographer. The information he provided, third hand, was 200 years old. 5. Jane Austen’s Sanditon Jane Austen did not live to complete her final novel, Sandition. She finished eleven chapters but no one knows exactly how she would have resolved it. One author, Anne Telscombe, tried to complement Austens style and finish the work, but the effort was met with a decidedly chilly reception. A reviewer for Time magazine sniffed that if   â€Å"Janeites take their author like warm milk at bedtime,† then Telscombe’s book is â€Å"watery milk.† 6. Herman Melville’s The Isle of the Cross Melvilles novel about a shipwrecked sailor and the woman who falls in love with him was rejected by his publisher, Harpers, for reasons unknown. The manuscript has never resurfaced. 7. Thomas Hardy’s The Poor Man and the Lady This was Hardys first novel, which was rejected by publishers. We know roughly what it is about because of transcripts that exist between the elderly author and the poet Edmund Gosse, a conversation that took place in 1915, some fifty years after the fact. Hardy was fuzzy on the details, but knew it was about a romance between the daughter of a squire and the son of peasants. Hardy thought it to be one of the most original things he had ever written. 8. First draft of Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Rumor has it that Stevenson wrote his novel of 30,000 words in three days, but his wife criticized it, and he got upset and chucked it in the fireplace. Other rumors say that his wife was responsible for the destruction. Either way, or in any other way, the manuscript no longer exists or at least has never been found. 9. Ernest Hemingway’s World War I novel Hemingways first wife, Hadley, had collected some of his long-hand short stories and part of a novel. She put them in a suitcaseand left them on a train. The priceless valise was never recovered. Hemingway was sickened by the loss, saying he wished surgery could erase the memory. He   frequently cited this incident as the catalyst that ended his marriage. 10. Sylvia Plath’s Double Exposure Plath had completed 130 pages of this novel when she took her own life in 1963. Her husband, Ted Hughes, claims there were only about 70 pages, and that her mother took them. But Hughes admits to having burned one of Plaths last journals, claiming it was too much for their children to ever be exposed to, so it is unclear if Hughes was being truthful in this regard or not.

Why One Suffix Is More Common Than Another

Why One Suffix Is More Common Than Another Why One Suffix Is More Common Than Another Why One Suffix Is More Common Than Another By Mark Nichol What is the rationale, if any, for the predominance of one suffix over one that performs the same function? Last week, I discussed the question of choosing between the suffixes -logic and -logical. Here, I take a look at other suffixes that compete with each other when various parts of speech are converted to others. The suffix ize is adopted for most multisyllabic words; by contrast, -ify is rarely applied to words of more than one syllable. The rationale given for this rule, that one choice or the other simply feels right, bears out: Even if I didn’t know the adjectival form of apology, I would more likely say apologize than apologify; the same goes for minimize over minimify, revolutionize over revolutionify, and just about any other applicable word I can think of. (Electrify, rather than electricize, is one exception.) Often, more than one correct adjective exists for a given word, but one form seems more formal than the other. For example, both accountability and accountableness are acceptable (another example is the duo profanity/profaneness), but although -ness is more common, -ity is considered more proper. Certain suffixes go in and out of style. For example, -th long ago fell out of favor as an option for converting an adjective to a noun, and -ment has essentially been retired as a go-to suffix for new words. The same is true of -ar as a suffix indicating transformation from a verb to a noun; though -ar is common among existing words, -er is not only much more common but is also the default suffix for new coinages. When a word has more than one possible suffix, the alternatives may develop different connotations. For example, profaneness refers, among other senses, to irreverent or unholy things, while profanity has come to denote the quality or state of being profane, or the speaking or writing of profane language, or such language itself. Another example is the development of cynical when cynic became a noun as well as an adjective. Some suffixes develop distinct qualities. For example, -ive, based on Latin words ending in -vus but extended to non-Latinate words as well, implies a permanent state, as exemplified by the difference in nuance between attracting and attractive. Because of the variety of likely suffixes, it’s best to consult the dictionary or an authoritative resource if you’re uncertain about the proper appendage for a particular word. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsDoes "Mr" Take a Period?Captain vs. Master

Web technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Web technology - Essay Example Now search engines are working in this regards and comes with the solution of personalized search so as give its users search results based on the user demographic information and interests and taste. In addition, these days search history can be also maintained by search engines, which users can see on later days. Aim: The study of personalized web searching will provide an opportunity to learn how different personalized search engines works and make use of user specific information for assisting web-searching process. Implement a preliminary web searching system (prototype) based on the design and refine the searching mechanism and the system designed to further improve its effectiveness through comparison with other methods. In this section, initially a definition and benefits from the personalized search will be presented than after history and preliminary analysis of some personalized search engines (Google, Yahoo and MSN) will be presented. After that, various tools and technologies that are going to be used for this project will covered in methodology section. Personalized search is the fine-tuning of search results and advertising based on an individual’s preferences, demographic information and other factors. Presumably, the better a search engine understands a user’s interests and preferences, the better able it is to target search results, advertising, sponsored links, etc. [Johnson 2005] After definition now question arises, why these days so many big giants (companies) are interested in providing personalized search. The next few paragraphs will give answer to this question. The first benefit is financial. According to Johnson (2005), personalized search drives financial benefits both in short term and long term. In the short term, advertisers increase revenue by targeting ads and promotions at the users who

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Law of Evidence - Essay Example The burden of proof aims to provide a jury with at least enough evidence to support the position of a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused. Therefore what must be determined in this case is whether the defendant will be obliged to adhere to a legal or evidential burden of proof. The leading case in the nature of the legal burden of proof in English criminal law1 is that of Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions2, in which Viscount Sankey stated that â€Å"it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt subject to†¦.insanity†¦.[and also]†¦statutory exception.† Therefore, applying the standard set out in this case, it would appear that the onus of the burden of proof will be placed upon the prosecution rather than on the defence. However, research suggests that this has not generally been the case. A study conducted by Ashworth and Blake showed that the legal burden of proof was placed upon defendants to prove a statutory defence in at least 40% of the Crown court cases3. Therefore, in a criminal case the defendant may likely bear the burden of proof, depending upon the circumstances and the statute (in this case, the Road Traffic Offenders Act of 1988)4. In the recent case of Sheldrake v DPP5 the question of whether driving offences would come under the purview of criminal offences and could therefore constitute a requirement for a legal burden of proof from both prosecution and defense was raised. In arriving at its decision, the Court also took into account the question of whether imposing a legal burden of proof on the defendant and thereby rendering him liable for conviction even when a reasonable doubt existed, would be in contravention of the presumption of innocence that works in favor of every defendant in a criminal case. The question of whether a legal or evidential standard of proof was to be levied required the Court to strike a balance between the

School Ethos and Policies Essay Example for Free

School Ethos and Policies Essay The phrase above is the school’s ethos and was inspired following collaboration with the children, staff and governors of the school; with all believing and accepting they have an equal part to play in ensuring all children have a right to quality first teaching. It is felt that the ethos reflects the vision of the school community and yet it is easy to be remembered and understood by all. It is used regularly to praise the children of their positive actions and if necessary remind them of what is expected of them. The schools aim is ‘To develop a shared love of learning between our children, staff and parents and the wider community. The school’s ethos is displayed outside the school building so even visitors and the wider community know what are aims are. The ethos appears on letters that are sent home, on the school website, in every class and in the hall. The children eat in the hall, with different members of staff also eating there in order to maintain sensible behaviour but also to enjoy the more informal time to chat together. We have assemblies in the hall, often inviting members of the wider community to hold assemblies; there have been cookery demonstrations, the police have been in to talk about internet safety and local religious practitioners give assemblies. The aims and ethos are reinforced in assembly as children share work, achievements and stories; learning from one another and from a variety of adults. The School’s rules support the ethos and aims; and are displayed in prominent places in the classroom and corridors so they are visible to all. (image 1)* We use kind hands and words * We are safe and sensible at work and play * We listen and work and learn together * We look after our school. Image 1 Image 2 The staff have an important responsibility in modelling standards of behaviour both with the children and with each other as colleagues as it is their example that has such an influence on the children. An optimistic and positive environment should be emphasised by all adults in the school to encourage children through example to have relationships based on fairness, kindness and understanding of the needs of the other children within the school. The staff attend regular meetings to share good practice, monitor the children’s learning and work cooperatively; they also attend INSET days to learn together. The children communicate the ethos and aims to visitors through their exemplary behaviour and joy at sharing their learning with each other, visitors and their families. We have class sharing assemblies for parents and families to see examples of current learning and for the children to talk about what they are doing in class. Families are always welcome to leave messages in the message books and they are also welcome to come in to school as parent helpers, help on school outings or to come in and share their skills e.g. RSPCA officer, fireman, grandparent to talk about being an evacuee. The school has a behaviour ‘traffic light’ system (image 2) which was instigated following discussions with the school council about having a visible system that is a constant reminder to children. Forgiveness is an important element and the fact that it is not the child who needs to change but the behaviour; therefore all children start afresh each day on the green lily pad regardless of anything that occurred on the previous day. Children move their name on to the amber lily pad if they break a school rule and have already been reminded beforehand. They then put a mark next to their name in one of the three circles on their lily pad. A ‘think sheet’ will then be completed by the child in their own time to reflect on the rule they have broken. This also enables the staff to keep a record of behaviours in school and to gain an overall understanding of certain behaviours over time. If that behaviour continues then another mark is made next to the name and the child is sent to the key stage leader and if is still continues the child is sent to see the head teacher to discuss their behaviour. All staff follows the same procedures and all keep a record of children who move in to amber and red. Children are motivated by positive praise. When the whole class remain on green they are awarded a ‘letter’. Foundation and KS1’s letter spell out ‘Super class’ and KS2’s ‘Super class award’. Once a class has received all their letters they are able to choose a class treat. The treat could be a disco, playing board games or talent shows to name a few! Those that get on to the gold lily pad are rewarded with a gold stamp and the child is rewarded with a ‘great to be gold’ sticker. A child who receives ten gold stamps has a lovely letter sent home. The school communicates its ethos and values to the staff through a number of different policies. The behaviour policy clearly states the guidelines which are to be followed so that each individual child is treated equally. The midday Managers also has a policy which enforces the school rules. Both positive and negative lunchtime behaviour is sanctioned in the same way by the lunchtime assistants so to provide continuity throughout the day. The school also communicates its ethos and values to the staff through the school rules which are displayed clearly throughout the school. I asked a number of parents if they knew what the school ethos and values were. Although they were not able to recite it word for word all knew the synopsis of it. All were also able to tell me that they were aware of it being in all the classrooms, at different points in the school, outside the school and on letters home. Someone also said with the words aside they feel the ethos and values are demonstrated in the way in which the children behave and in the atmosphere as a whole in school. Schools need to ensure that policies are in place and revised on a regular basis. Each policy should show both the date it was updated and also the review date. Model policies are available on the internet through local education authorities and these can assist the school when either drawing them up or when updating them. Both policies and procedures are updated regularly and monitored by senior management team, all staff and governors. The Local Authority and SIP also evaluate school policy regularly. The school also takes the views of parents seriously and will adapt should the need arise. In my opinion it would be interesting to provide feedback to behaviour policies by reviewing the behaviour management folders of each class on a monthly basis. My aim would be to collect the folders and look at the behaviours that are or have been an issue that month. It would obviously differ for each year group as each teacher will have a different behaviour focus and what is regarded as poor behaviour in reception would be totally different in Year 6. However, there may be certain issues repeating themselves across the school such as, forgetting PE kit, being unkind on the playground (anti bullying), not concentrating in class, not bringing reading diary into school. Once I had collated the information I would then analyse it and feedback to the head teacher so that an assembly could focus on the prominent issues so to emphasise the importance of bringing in a PE kit etc. A note could go on the website and also in the newsletter to communicate with parents. Also I would review the rewards achieved and investigate whether these impacted the child’s behaviour in a positive way. The review of the behaviour management folders could also be cross referenced against children who have an abnormal number of absences and also those who arrive late on a regular basis. By monitoring this cohort of children it would highlight if or where intervention may be needed. As a parent governor of the school I am regularly involved in the reviews of policies. I have a responsibility to review and give input to all policies that are being updated.

The Coming Of Age Essay -- essays research papers

The Coming of Age   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Childhood is a time where children learn about the world around themselves. They see and experience many factors that influence their everyday lives, which help them grow stronger when they become adults. In 'Girl'; by Jamaica Kincaid and 'The Lesson'; by Toni Cade Bambara the characters within the stories learn valuable lesson with help them grow to become better individuals. In 'The Lesson'; the character of Sugar undergoes a realization that society does not treat everyone equally, that not every individual has the same opportunity and equality that they should have. In 'Girl'; the main character learns that she must be perceived as a woman and not as a slut, her mother brings to her attention of how the world is and what she must to do in order to survive in it. Lessons that children learn all help them grow to become better individuals, in 'Girl'; and 'The Lesson'; the lessons that the characters learn both help them grow to become better and stronger individ uals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 'The Lesson'; the character, Sugar undergoes a realization of the world around her, through her teacher Miss Moore, Sugar notices that there is a better way of living in the world besides, her own little world with her friends. Sugar says, 'You know, Miss Moore, I don't think that all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs,'; (Bambara 452). Miss Moore is an African American woman who has broken through the expectation that society has placed on her class and on her color. Bambara presents Miss Moore as a very educated and intelligent woman, who has a college degree. With her knowledge Miss Moore sets out to educate the deprived and lower classed children and teach them of the world around them. She sets out to open their eyes, as well as their knowledge of the world around them. Miss Moore says, 'Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. Wh at do you think?,'; (Bambara 452).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sugar's realization of the world outside of her own, opens her mind to many questions that she never imagined before. She realizes that there is a better standard of living in the world and that society is not equal, as it should be, 'I think, . . . that this is not much of a democracy if y... ...woman and not be viewed as a slut. The daughter in 'Girl'; wants to rebel against her mother and not be viewed as a slut to society, therefore hoping that society will not look down upon her, if she does not do everything that the mother has taught her that she must do. In the stories of the 'Girl'; and 'The Lesson'; different lessons are learned, but the common realization of the world around them is learned by the characters and how each of the characters must learn to rebel against societies views. This realization helps them grow smarter and stronger as they grow older and come of age, from childhood to adulthood. Society has set standards for individuals to live by, but it is up to those individuals to break away, or live by the standards and views of society. 'It is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough,'; (Bambara 452). In reality, society has set standards for everyone to live by. Those who break away from it are look down upon if they fail, but if they succeed they are praised by, this may be the only way to change societies views of gender, class, and race; it is by succeeding in everything that you do.

Dt Gcse Revision: Smart Materials

SMART Materials A SMART material is a material that is affected by outside influence. Polymorph * Type of thermoplastic (can be reshaped many times). * Normally supplied in form of granules or small plastic beads. * Low fusing temperature of around 60Â °C. This means it can be reduced to a mouldable condition by immersion in hot water. * Once fused turns from opaque to clear. * Heating above 65Â °C is dangerous as it will become a sticky-adherent mass, similar to hot-melt glue. Polymorph has high molecular weight and great tensile strength, and therefore suited for applications where mechanical strength is important. * Some uses are: Mould-making (i. e Gum-shields), general DIY materials, making a polymorph skeleton to support other materials, trainer/shoe components. QTC (Quantum Tunnelling Composite)* QTC is a composite material made from conductive filler particles combined with an elastomeric binder, typically silicone rubber. QTC Material has the unique ability to smoothly cha nge from an electrical insulator to a metal-like conductor when placed under pressure. * While in an unstressed state the QTC Material is a near-perfect insulator; with any form of deformation the material starts to conduct and with sufficient pressure metallic conductivity levels can be achieved. * QTCâ„ ¢ Material can be formed or moulded into virtually any size, thickness or shape. * QTCâ„ ¢ Material is mechanically strong. QTCâ„ ¢ Material can be made to withstand extreme temperatures limits. * Used for switches and keyboards. Thermochromic Ink * These materials change colour when there is a change in temperature. * Thermochromic ink comes in two forms: Liquid crystals and Leuco dyes. * Leuco dyes are easier to work with and allow for a greater range of applications. * Applications of thermochromic ink include: flat thermometers, battery testers, clothing. Mr Tsiang

Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System Engineering Essay

This study represents the scanning supersonic sensing system, which includes supersonic detector SRF05, microcontroller PIC16F877, temperature compensator DS18B20, 16A-2 LCD show, standard servo motor and connection to Personal computer. The supersonic and temperature detectors contribute to bring forthing cherished distance values for micro chip. And the servo motor is used to revolve the supersonic detector on a regular basis. Finally, these values are all transmitted to the LCD to expose. The circuit design, simulation and practical consequences show this system is capable of the needed aims, which is possible to be attached onto a wheeled auto or a automaton to give navigational AIDSs. Contentss 3 1 Introduction and Research 4 1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System 4 1.1.1 History of supersonic sensing 4 1.1.2 Review of background research 5 1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing system 8 1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning System 9 1.4 Previous Work 12 2 Function and Specification 13 3 Aims 18 3.1 Major Aims 18 3.2 Minor Aims 19 3.3 Minimum Aims 20 4 Main Components 20 4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 20 4.2 LCD Module 22 4.3 Rotation Motor 24 4.4 Temperature Sensor 26 4.5 Microcontroller 30 5 Circuit Introduction 33 5.1 Undertaking System Circuit 33 5.1 power supply 37 5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Module 38 5.3 LCD faculty 41 5.4 temperature detector faculty 43 5.4 Connection to Computer 431 Introduction and Research1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System1.1.1 History of supersonic sensingMan uses acoustic energy of lower frequences as a critical agency of communicating while mahimahis and chiropterans use acoustic energy of higher frequences, i.e. supersonic moving ridges, for acquiring their environmental information. [ 1 ] The being of ultrasound was foremost noticed by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794. Since so, ultrasonics, the survey of sound propagated at frequences beyond the scope hearable to people ( i.e. above 20 kilohertz ) has been a new topic. [ 2 ] The existent discovery took topographic point after that Pierre and Jacques Currie discovered of the â€Å" Piezo-electric Consequence † in certain crystals in 1880. This led to the development of ultrasound transducer. [ 1 ] The possibility of the usage of an supersonic reverberation method for the sensing of submersed obstructions at sea, such as icebergs or wrecks, appears to hold been suggested by L.F. Richardson at the clip of the Titanic catastrophe in April 1912. After the 1914-1918 War the piezoelectric effect and its reverse consequence were foremost successfully applied in the sensing and coevals of ultrasound. The original application was to the sensing of enemy pigboats. And a feasible system was developed by P. Langevin. A beam of ultrasound is propagated vertically downwards in the sea, is reflected at the sea bed, or by some other object such as a pigboat above the sea bed, and returns to the generator/detector. By entering the going of the original pulsation and the reaching of the reverberation, the theodolite clip T for the return journey over a distance of 2d can be determined. Therefore, presuming the velocity degree Celsius of ultrasound in sea H2O is known, the deepness vitamin D can be calculated from. [ 3 ] In 1935, the rule of supersonic sensing was applied into wireless sensing and ranging, utilizing electromagnetic moving ridges alternatively, which called Radar besides. [ 2 ] However, the development of radio detection and ranging, during the Second War, resulted in many betterments in electronic engineering. These developments in bend wholly revolutionized the sensing system by presenting the possibility of utilizing arrays of transducers, enabling sector-scanning to be introduced, and by bettering ocular show systems. [ 3 ]1.1.2 Review of background researchA distance sensor, besides called as a scope happening setup is one installing that determines and detects the distance between the mark and the sensing device, for the intent of appraising, finding focal point in picture taking, or accurately taking a arm. Some devices are applied utilizing active methods to mensurate ( such as ultrasound, optical maser, or radio detection and ranging ) , while others obtain the mensural distance utilizing trigonometry ( stadia metric scope finders and parallax, or cut-image scope finders ) . These methodological analysiss use a set of known information, normally di stances or mark sizes, to do the measuring, and have been in regular usage since the 18th century. [ 1 ] Since distance measuring has played an of import function in no affair the day-to-day life or working sphere, assorted types of range finders have been created to run into a assortment of demands. These device types vary each other harmonizing to their public presentation in different fortunes, every bit good as the cost, where public presentation is determined by truth, easiness of usage, sensing scope, etc. [ 4 ] In recent yearss, three chief types of distance sensing faculty are 1s utilizing infrared, ultrasound and laser severally. Hereinto, scanning supersonic sensing system is the type utilizing supersonic detectors. Supersonic detectors are normally used for non-contact, propinquity or distance measuring applications. These devices typically transmit a short pulsation moving ridge to the mark, which reflects the sound back to the supersonic detectors. The system so mensurate the echo clip of the moving ridge returning to the detector and work out the distance to the mark with the velocity of sound. [ 5 ] The basic regulation for the usage of ultrasound as a measuring tool is the time-of-flight technique, of which this pulse-echo method is one illustration. As shown in figure 1.Figure 1. Basic Illustration Of Ultrasonic Detection — Transducer Generates Ultrasonic Waves And Then Listens To RepeatTherefore, the rule of supersonic sensing system is given as followers: If the speed of supersonic moving ridges extension has been known, mensurate the period between the clip of its launch and contemplation back from an obstruction, so that the practical distance between launch point and obstruction can be determined, which is similar to the rule of radio detection and ranging. Frequently, the equation is given as: . ( 1 ) Where, d represents the magnitude of distance, C equals to supersonic extension speed in the air and T is the time-lag which normally amounts to the entire clip from launch and response. [ 6 ]1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing systemIn recent yearss, there are assorted types of distance measurement detectors, like infrared, supersonic and optical maser range finders. They differ each other in tonss of facets: truth, scope, size, weight etc. Infrared Supersonic Laser Accuracy Typically 0.1m Typically at centimeters Typically at millimeters Detection moving ridge Electromagnetic moving ridge ( unseeable radiation ) Sound wave Electromagnetic moving ridge ( several sorts ) Costing i6.83 ~ i17.89 [ 7 ] i9.99 ~ i70.79 [ 8 ] i870 ~ i3485 [ 9 ] Usual usage juncture Small refractile index ( go through other stuff ) , good for long distance sensing [ 10 ] Insensitive to dust, soil and fog, good for utilizing under serious environment state of affairs [ 11 ] High preciseness, good for high-accuracy demand state of affairs [ 12 ] Problems Low preciseness, worse way control [ 10 ] Preciseness influenced by temperature, humidness, force per unit area etc. [ 11 ] Not safe to human in some state of affairs, optical system must be clean to observe [ 12 ]Table.1: Comparison among Three Types of Detection Systems Using Infrared, Ultrasound and Laser RespectivelyHarmonizing to the tabular array above, the infrared detectors have cheaper monetary value and shorter response clip than supersonic detectors, but have hapless preciseness, way control and rely strongly on good coefficient of reflection belongingss. In footings of optical maser scope finder, it owns high preciseness but besides has high monetary value and hard operating, in common instances it is used in military kingdom. In the usual instances, the supersonic sensor is more equal for day-to-day utilizing or extended utilizing for industrial or societal occasions for its moderate monetary value, stable capableness and acceptable truth. The lone job for supersonic sensing system is its preciseness in some particular occasions like remote-controlled cars or endorsing for autos which require more cherished distance consequences.1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning SystemFor the intent of the supersonic sensing and scanning system, supersonic is one of the active countries of research and development. Supersonic detectors are good known for their public presentations in debatable environment where other detectors are non capable to be used. The rule is based on time-of-flight ( TOF ) theory, as illustrated antecedently, the clip of flight is the period of clip that travelled to and bounced back from the mark object. Use the look ( 1 ) , the distance can be determined. However, the extension speed of supersonic moving ridge is affected by the temperature, force per unit area, humidness, air turbulency and gas composing. But the most of import factor that affects the sound velocity is the temperature. The approximative velocity of sound in dry ( 0 % humidness ) air, in metres per second ( ) , at temperatures near 0 A °C, can be calculated from: ( 2 ) Where I? is the temperature in grades Celsius ( A °C ) . [ 13 ] Give the undermentioned fluctuations in the velocity of sound utilizing the criterion ambiance. As shown in table 2 below.Temperature ( A °C )Sound velocity ( m/s )-20 318.89 -10 325.16 0 331.30 10 337.33 20 343.26 25 346.18 30 349.08Table.2: Relationship between Temperature and Sound SpeedSo for a sensing system that does non hold temperature detector, if the practical distance is 3m, the clip of flight distance is 6m. And presume ever to utilize the velocity value at temperature 20 A °C, which is 343.26 m/s. But in fact, when the temperature alterations, the practical velocity of sound value can besides be different. Assume the temperature changes into -10 degree Celsius, and so harmonizing to the table.2, practical velocity of sound is 325.16 metres per second, that is, the practical mensural clip of flight should be.But if the microcontroller still uses the sound velocity at 20 A °C, practical measured distance could be,This outputs mistake. That is to state, in this instance, under temperature -10 grade Celsius, one metre long distance may hold about 5.57 centimeters mistake, which is a comparatively large mistake in some alone juncture such as remote-controlled vehicle or the unsighted pilotage and will ensue in serious jobs. Because of that, a temperature compensation step should be taken to heighten the truth of this supersonic distance sensing system.1.4 Previous WorkThere are many supersonic distance metres in markets, having different features. Here gives several typical 1s:MerchandiseFeaturesSupersonic Distance Meter aˆ? Features a liquid crystal show with 12mm figures aˆ?Can cipher the surface and the contents. aˆ? Range of 61cm ( 2ft ) to 14.5m ( 48.3ft ) aˆ? Accuracy of A ±0.5 % aˆ? requires 2Ãâ€"3.0V CR2032 batteries aˆ? Dimensions ( wxH ) : 66x130mm [ 14 ] Silverline 255664 Digital Range Measure aˆ?Laser sight for accurate targeting aˆ?automatically performs computations of country and volume. aˆ?backlit digital show for easy reading aˆ?Metric and Imperial, with measurement verification and mistake bleeper aˆ?Range 0.6 – 15m ( 2†²-50 ‘ ) . aˆ?Accuracy 1 % . aˆ?Requires 1 x 9v battery. [ 14 ] Parallax – Sensor Sampler Kit aˆ?Motion Detection aˆ?Angle and G-force detectors aˆ?Distance/ Range sensor aˆ?Sensirion Temperature and Humidity Sensor aˆ?Compass pilotage [ 15 ] SensComp Series 6500 Sonar Ranging Module # 615078 aˆ?Accurate Sonar Ranging from 6 inches to 35 pess aˆ?Drives a 50 kilohertz Electrostatic Transducer Without an Extra Interface aˆ?Operates from a Single Power Supply Source aˆ?Accurate Clock Output Provided for External Use aˆ?Selective Echo Exclusion aˆ?Integrated Transducer Cable [ 16 ] Table.3: Comparison of several typical supersonic sensing system2 Function and SpecificationThe Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System is designed for automaton pilotage, remote-controlled vehicle, and obstacle-proof auto. The system contains microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ) , rotary motion motor and connection to Personal computer. Figure.2: conventional for scanning supersonic sensing system Here is a study map for this system shown in figure.2. Each portion will be specified as followers. Microcontroller: processing unit of the system Generate driven moving ridges to supersonic detector for supersonic sensing. Receive signals from temperature detector and supersonic detector, and procedure informations. Procedure signals to drive rotary motion motor. Output distance, temperature and angular informations to LCD. Datas transmitted with computing machine utilizing RS232 protocol. Liquid crystal display: liquid crystal show, this unit is used for: Display acquired signals Backlight support for utilizing in the dark Supersonic detector: this unit is used to observe the obstruction: Generate supersonic sensing moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Give signal back to microcontroller. Temperature detector: this unit is to observe temperature surrounding: Detect temperature and so roll up it to binary codification. Transmit informations back to microcontroller. Rotation motor: this unit contribute to revolving angle: Receive signal from microcontroller and so revolve a relevant angle Put supersonic detector on it to observe obstructions within a sector.Connection to computing machine and monitoring package:Transmit day of the month of distance, temperature and angle to computing machine utilizing HyperTerminal package. [ 17 ] Be possible to be applied into echography, to expose graph on the proctor ( by taking advantage of some specific package ) . [ 18 ] In the practical application of counsel for wheeled little auto or automaton, the whole system should be installed onto the bearer, frequently with a switch and battery to command and drive it. Put the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor, to do the supersonic detector detect object in a sector, here from 0 grade to 180 grade. Once bend on the system, the microcontroller starts to give directives to the rotary motion motor to do it revolve to the initial angle, 0 degree way. And so do the supersonic starts to run, bring forth supersonic moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Harmonizing to the signal moving ridges received from the supersonic detector, the microcontroller starts to cipher the distance value, taking proper velocity of sound value by utilizing the temperature compensation measuring. After the computation is done, the values are transmitted into LCD and show on it to state the obstruction distance at relevant angle and temperature. Each clip when the objects on the way at cherished angle have been detected or there are no objects, the microcontroller will give directives to do the rotary motion motor rotate into the following angle. For case, each clip the rotary motion motor is ordered to revolve 20 grade, ab initio, it starts from 0 grade, when the sensing on this way has been do ne, it rotate 20 grade, once more to make the sensing, and following, it rotate 20 grade into the way of 40 grade, to make the sensing, as the entire 9 times rotary motion is done, the rotary motion motor turns back into its initial angle 0 grade to re-start the sector scanning sensing. Here is a flow chart to demo the system work processs: The initial way Detection objects Calculation and temperature compensation Display informations on LCD Rotate angle ( illustration as 20 grade ) The followers are the same as earlier. Each clip the sensing is done, revolve another 20 grade. After entire nine times rotary motion, the rotary motion motor attached under supersonic detector returns back into the initial place. Harmonizing to the information detected, it is possible to be used for the wheeled auto or automaton to make up one's mind where to travel and how to avoid obstructions.3 Aims3.1 Major AimsDesign a system which detects the presence of objects utilizing a revolving supersonic scanner. The power of micro chip, LCD, rotary motion motor, supersonic detector and temperature detector is supplied by 5V beginning. The frequence to drive the supersonic detector should be 40 kilohertz. Once the power is on, the microcontroller will enable the supersonic detector to bring forth moving ridges. And the feedback signals will be transmitted back to the microcontroller for processing. Once the echo signal is processed, the temperature detector will offer temperature compensation for sound velocity. After power is on, the rotary motion motor is driven to initial angle place and starts to revolve from 0 grade to 180 grade, rotate one time by a certain angle when each clip the sensing is done. Each clip the sensing is done, the LCD will expose the information about it including distance, temperature and comparative angle, like â€Å" 86.5cm 23a„? 90A ° â€Å" . Once the sensing is done, the information will be transmitted to computing machine and show on the proctor utilizing hyperterminal package. All the detectors and devices are connected to the microcontroller utilizing wires.3.2 Minor AimsDesign the 5V beginning utilizing a electromotive force regulator attached on a 9V battery within a battery bearer. Attach the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor to do it possible to observing a sector. Develop a PCB for circuit of microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, LCD and connection to computing machine. Design a wadding for seting PCB into it.3.3 Minimum AimsComplete the existent circuit on bread board. Accomplish scheduling codifications for the whole system. Imitate the map and run into the major aims utilizing relevant package.4 Main Components4.1 Ultrasonic SensorThere are some sorts of supersonic detectors. The chiefly used two theoretical accounts are SRF04 and SRF05 because their comparative lower monetary value and moderate public presentation. Here is a comparing between them. SRF04 Voltage: 5V merely needed Current: 30mA typical 50mA soap Frequency: 40 kilohertz Scope: from 3cm to 3m. Sensitivity: 3cm at 2m, 1.5 % Input trigger: 10 uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo pulsation: positive TTL degree signal, width proportional to run Small size: 43mm x 20mm ten 17mm tallness Monetary value: i14.50 ( Inc. VAT i17.40 ) SRF05 Voltage: 5V merely needed Low Current: 4mA Typical Frequency: 40 kilohertz Max Range: 4m Min Range: 1cm Mode1: Single pin for trigger/echo Mode2: 2 Pin SRF04 compatible Input Trigger: 10uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo Pulse: Positive TTL signal Size: 43 x 20 ten 17h ( millimeter ) Monetary value: i11.50 ( Inc. VAT i13.80 ) Table.4: comparing between two supersonic detectors Comparing the characteristics of two supersonic detectors, they are all capable to complete this undertaking. But eventually the determination is made to SRF05. And the grounds are listed as followers. Although they portion the equal electromotive force demand, SRF05 merely require much lower current. Therefore, utilizing SRF05 will necessitate smaller power to drive. It is more energy-saving. They both need 40 kilohertzs to drive, which meet the demand of this undertaking. But SRF05 has a scope from 1cm to 4m, which is larger than SRF04, whose scope is 3cm to 3m. For the demand of more accurate and larger-scale sensing, the SRF05 is better for this undertaking. SRF05 has two manners for taking, one is single-pin for both trigger and reverberation, the other one is compatible to SRF04, two-pin for trigger or reverberation. So SRF05 can salvage 1 pin if usage mode1, but besides be used as SRF04 if usage mode2. Harmonizing to the monetary value listed, SRF05 has a lower monetary value than SRF04.4.2 LCD ModuleIn this undertaking, the LCD is used for exposing information of obstructions and environment in environing country. Harmonizing to this, the demand of LCD faculty should be: The LCD faculty is capable to expose numerical values, English alphabets and some measurement units. The LCD screen is large or long plenty to demo full information. The LCD screen should be seen in dark topographic point so it may hold a backlight map. The LCD faculty does hold interface to microcontroller for their transmittal. The LCD faculty is easy to run. The LCD should hold a comparatively inexpensive monetary value. Harmonizing to the demands, here is the determination: VERBOUQUET -ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN LCD MODULE, Here is the specification of this LCD faculty: LCD MODULE, ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN No. of Digits / Alpha: 32 Character Count x Line: 16 tens 2 Character Size: 5.56mm Supply Voltage: 5V Display Mode: Brooding Display Area Width: 64.5mm Display Area Height: 16mm Operating Temperature Range: 0A °C to +50A °C External Depth: 10mm External Length / Height: 44mm External Width: 84mm Active Area Height: 16mm Active Area Width: 64.5mm Background Colour: Yellow Fictional character Height: 4.86mm Character Type: Dot Matrix + Cursor Character Width: 2.96mm Connector Type: B, 1 ten 14 Display Polarization: Brooding Display Technology: STN Font Colour: Green Interface Type: Analogue No. of Colours: 1 No. of Digits / Alpha: 16 No. of Lines: 2 Resolution: 5 x 7 Dots + Cursor Storage Temperature Max: +70A °C Storage Temperature Min: -20A °C Supply Voltage Max: 6V Supply Voltage VDC: 5V Monetary value: i7.06 Table.5: specification of selected LCD faculty4.3 Rotation MotorIn this undertaking, the rotary motion motor should run into there demands: The microcontroller straight controls the rotary motion motor to revolve and make up one's mind the angle value. The rotary motion motor has the shaft to be installed on with supersonic detector. The truth demand to be ensured. The monetary value is non high. Compared to these demands, here are two types of motors: hoofer motor and servo motor. Here is a comparing between these two types utilizing typical theoretical accounts: Stepper motorBipolar 48mm StepperMeasure Angle: 0.9A ° Measure Accuracy: 5 % Keeping Torsion: 4800g-cm / 66.66 oz-in Coil Resistance: 10hm Rated Current: 2.4A Motor Length: 48mm Mounting Plate Size: NEMA-17 Shaft Diameter: 5mm Weight: 362g Number of Leads: 4 Monetary value: i14.55 Servo motorParallax ( Futaba ) Standard ServoHolds any place between 0 and 180 grades 43.1 oz-in torsion at 6 V Accepts four mounting prison guards High preciseness cogwheel made of the POM ( polyacetal ) rosin makes the operation smooth doing no recoil Power Requirements: 4 to 6 VDC Communication: Pulse-width transition Dimensions: 2.2 x 0.8 ten 1.6 in ( 55.8x 19 ten 406 millimeter ) excepting servo horn Operating temp scope: +14 to +144 A °F ( -10 to +50 A °C ) Monetary value: i10.79 Table.6: comparing between typical hoofer motor and servo motor Harmonizing to the comparing, it can be concluded that the servo motor is more appropriate for this undertaking because these grounds: When servo motor receives a pulsation, it can end product a pulsation back to the microcontroller to give feedback, which is good to command the truth of the angle. Its truth can maintain up to 0.001mm, more precise than stepper motor. Servo motor can revolve an angle harmonizing to the pulsation transmitted from microcontroller within several msecs. But stepper motor can merely steps to the needed angle, frequently it will take 200~400 msecs. Servo motor has a lower monetary value than stepper motor. So, the determination is made to the servo motor, in this undertaking, utilize Parallax ( Futaba ) Standard Servo Motor for its standard public presentation and low monetary value.4.4 Temperature SensorThe temperature detector should hold some demands: High truth to do certain of the preciseness of this undertaking. Easy to run. Low monetary value. There are two chief ways to compose the temperature compensation system: parallel and digital. The table.7 below shows the two ways ‘ composing parts needed severally.MethodAmplifierTemperature detectorVariable resistancesADC ( linear digital convertor )Analoguea?sa?sa?sa?sDigitala?sTable.7. Comparison between Two Temperature Technique, a?s Means the Part Is NeededHere is a specific analysis for each type of temperature detector. And both the two types use typical devices to exemplify. Analogue type uses LM35DZ as illustration and digital type uses DS18B20 as illustration. As shown below.Analogue Temperature SensorTemperature detector Amplifier Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.3: Block Diagram of Analogue Temperature Sensing SystemAs shown in figure.3, the temperature detector LM35DZ can be used in broad temperature scope -40 to 100 grade Celsius. It has an end product electromotive force which is linearly relative to the Celsius and has precise built-in standardization so that there is no demand to put any external standardization to offer typical truths of A ±0.25a„? at room temperature and A ±0.75a„? over a full temperature scope. As the temperature increases each one grade Celsius, the electromotive force from LM35DZ will increase 10mV. The Op-Amp CA3140 has working temperature scope from -55 to 125 grade Celsius. The operational amplifier is used as non-inverting amplifier. As the temperature increases, the LM35DZ increases 10mV, CA3140 Op-Amp will increase the electromotive force to 5 times.Digital Temperature SensorTemperature detector Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.4: Block Diagram of Digital Temperature Sensing SystemAs it is shown in figure.4, temperature detector choose digital temperature detector DS18B20 which has feeling truth at A ±0.5a„? and besides a broad temperature feeling scope from -55a„? to 125a„? , supply electromotive force is at a scope 3V to 5.5V, besides the declaration spots is 12 spots. The nucleus map of DS18B20 is its direct to digital temperature detector. The declaration of the temperature detector is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11 or 12 spots, matching to increases of 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625a„? severally. Compared parallel feeling system with digital detection system, shown in table.8 as followers:Analogue detection systemDigital detection systemTemperature detectorLM35DZ DS18B20Temperature scope-40a„? ~ 100a„? -55a„? ~ 125a„?AccuracyA ±0.25a„? at room temperature A ±0.75a„? over all the scope A ±0.5a„?Need for ADCYes NoResolution spots10 12CostingSensor + Op-amp + variable resistors=i4.47 Merely sensor=i3.27Table.8: Comparison between Analogue and Digital Sensing SystemIn the table.8, the costing values are all based on the values and monetary values shown at Farnell website. Analogue detector LM35DZ, Op-Amp CA3140, variable resistances and digital detector DS18B20 are i1.29, i1.67, i1.51 and i3.27 severally. Conclude the information given by the table.8, a simple and natural decision can be given that digital detector DS18B20 is somewhat or unusually superior to the parallel one.4.5 MicrocontrollerThe microcontroller is the cardinal bosom of the whole undertaking system, but there are many types of microcontroller. And here are the two chief types which are used most widely: PIC micro chip and Maxim 8051 household. Here is the specific comparing between these two types, here use PIC 16f87 series as illustration: PIC micro chip ( 16f87 series ) Harvard architecture High public presentation RISC CPU All individual rhythm instructions except for plan Operating velocity: DC – 20 MHz clock input Up to 8K tens 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77 Interrupt capableness ( up to 14 beginnings ) Power-on Reset ( POR ) Power-up Timer ( PWRT ) and Oscillator Start-up Timer ( OST ) Watchdog Timer ( WDT ) with its ain on-chip RC Programmable codification protection Power salvaging sleep manner Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Processor read/write entree to plan memory Low-power ingestion: Monetary value: i5.38 Maxim 8051 household Harvard architecture Core Size: 8bit RAM Memory Size: 256Byte CPU Speed: 25MHz Oscillator Type: External Merely No. of Timers: 3 Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 5.5V Operating Temperature Scope: -40A °C to +85A °C Clock Frequency: 25MHz Interface Type: UART Memory Size: 256Byte Memory Type: Random-access memory No. of Spots: 8 RAM Size: 256Byte Supply Voltage Max: 5.5V Supply Voltage Min: 4.5V Termination Type: Through Hole Monetary value: i8.56 Table.9: comparing between two types of microcontroller By comparing the two typical devices of each type, both two types can do the undertaking successful, but the determination is made to PIC 16f87 household because these grounds listed below: The PIC 16f87 series are more popular than Maxim 8051 series in UK. The MPLAB package is compatible to PIC micro chips and utilize it can assist to imitate the assembly linguistic communication map and detect the registry and map codifications state of affairs. The PIC 16f87 series has lower monetary value than Maxim 8051 series. PIC 16f87 series includes 16F873, 16F874, 16F876, 16F877. Here is the pin diagram of them: Figure.5: PIC16F87 series Here is comparison among these 4 theoretical accounts in PIC 16f87 series:Key FeaturesPIC16F873PIC16F874PIC16F876PIC16F877Operating FrequencyDC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 MegahertzRESETS ( and Delays )POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST )FLASH Program Memory ( 14-bit words )4K 4K 8K 8KData Memory ( bytes )192 192 368 368EEPROM Data Memory128 128 256 256Interrupts13 14 13 14I/O PortsPorts A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, E Ports A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, ETimers3 3 3 3Capture/Compare/PWM Modules2 2 2 2Consecutive CommunicationssMSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USARTParallel Communications–PSP–PSP10-bit Analogue-to-Digital Faculty5 input channels 8 input channels 5 input channels 8 input channelsDirection Set35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions Table.10: comparing among 16f87 series For this design, 33 I/O pins are required because of the other devices ‘ pin Numberss, sing the job of monetary value and size of bit, the concluding determination is made to PIC 16F877.5 Circuit Introduction5.1 Undertaking System CircuitBlock diagram Here is the block diagram for this undertaking. Figure.6: block diagram for the undertaking The undertaking system includes LCD, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, connection to computing machine and one microcontroller PIC 16F877. The LCD and connection to computing machine are end products for the system, the temperature detector and servo motor transmit informations and signal between microcontroller and themselves. The supersonic detector sender is for conveying supersonic moving ridges and the supersonic detector receiving system is for having echo moving ridges. Here use 9V battery and one regulator to give the undertaking power beginning 5V. Circuit diagram Figure.7: circuit diagram for the undertaking system Here is the circuit diagram designed by package Protues. PCB design Here is the PCB design designed by PCB Express. Show in Figure.8 and Figure.9. Figure.8: PCB design manner Figure.9: PCB design Real World Mode Real Picture Figure.10: existent image5.1 power supplyIn this undertaking, all the devices are based on 5V power supply. However, most common batteries do non back up this electromotive force value. So use 9V battery and electromotive force regulator to give a 5V electromotive force beginning. Besides, here can add a switch to command the whole system to turn on or turn off. Because it is needed to give a 5V beginning, so the electromotive force regulator determination is made to LM7805. Here is the diagram for the power supply. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.11 schematic for power supply faculty5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor ModuleThe supersonic detector faculty has two manners to take. Mode 1: 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode This manner uses separate trigger and reverberation pins, and is the simplest manner to utilize. All codification illustrations for the SRF04 will work for the SRF05 in this manner. To utilize this manner, merely go forth the manner pin unconnected – the SRF05 has an internal pull up resistance on this pin. Figure.12: connexions for 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode In this manner, the timing diagram is: Small hold Figure.13: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 1 Here, the SRF05 includes a little hold before the reverberation pulsation to give slower accountants such as the Basic Stamp and Picaxe clip to put to death their pulsation in bids. Mode 2: Single pin for both Trigger and Echo This manner uses a individual pin for both Trigger and Echo signals, and is designed to salvage valuable pins on embedded accountants. To utilize this manner, connect the manner pin to the 0v Ground pin. The echo signal will look on the same pin as the trigger signal. The SRF05 will non raise the echo line until 700uS after the terminal of the trigger signal. You have that long to turn the trigger pin around and do it an input and to hold your pulsation mensurating codification ready. The PULSIN bid found on many popular accountants does this automatically. Figure.14: connexion for individual pin trigger/echo manner In this manner, the timing diagram is: Figure.15: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 2 In this undertaking, for there are 33 I/O pins for usage, there is no demand to utilize manner 2, so here use Mode 1 which is compatible to SRF04. So here is the conventional for supersonic detector. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.16: conventional for supersonic detector faculty5.3 LCD facultyThe Alphanumeric point Matrix LCD is the end product device of the undertaking system, which is used for exposing the direction and information to user. Here is the mention image of the LCD faculty: And here is the LCD ‘s pin connexion:Pin figurePin symbolFunction1Volt Land2Vdd Power supply3Vo Contrast adjust4R/S Register Selection ( H: Data, L: Direction )5R/ Read/Write Selection ( H: Read, L: Write )6Tocopherol Enable Signal7~14DB0~DB7 Data coach lines15A Power supply for LED B.L. ( + )16K Power supply for LED B.L. ( – ) Table.11: LCD pin connexions Pin 3 is the contrast adjust for LCD, it should link 0-5V electromotive force depend on what brightness is required. Here use a potentiometer to set the electromotive force. Pin 4 is an input pin for LCD faculty ; it is used as to command informations conveying or direction transmission. When it is connected to high electromotive force, any input information is regarded as informations, and low degree electromotive force is matching direction. Pin 6 is an input pin for LCD faculty every bit good ; the LCD faculty ca n't place any informations of direction until Pulse the E line being high. Pin7- Pin14 are Data Bus lines, they can convey informations or instructions. In this undertaking, PORTB0~B7 are connected to informations coach lines DB0~DB7. And the three map control pins RS, R/ and E are connected to RA0~RA2. The A and K temporarily blank but can be connected in possible use when backlight is needed. Therefore, here is the conventional for LCD faculty: c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.17: conventional for LCD faculty5.4 temperature detector facultyIn this undertaking, the temperature detector is DS18B20. Figure.18: DS18B20 pin diagram Here is the pin diagram for this temperature detector, the pin 1 is connected to land, and pin 2 is the information line, pin 3 is connected to the power beginning.5.4 Connection to ComputerBlock diagram figure.11: block diagram for connection to computing machine