Bertrand Russells Theory of Perception Essay - 1755 Words

0801372 Philosophy 2K Bertrand Russell’s Theory of Perception, put forth in his book The Problems of Philosophy is focused around the theory of sense-data. This essay will outline Russell’s theory and present some of the arguments that support his view, such as the argument from hallucination. I will outline an attack on Russell’s theory and then move to present an alternative argument accounting for the relevant phenomena: the adverbial theory and show how Russell’s theory does more to convince one of the nature of our perception. Russell’s theory of perception is rooted in his faith in sense-data. This is the notion that whatever we perceive are mind dependent objects whose existence and properties are known directly to us and†¦show more content†¦With regard to hallucinations, we consider instances whereby we actually consider certain qualities that could be attributed to some kind of physical object when there is no physical object present at all, for example, seeing a pink elephant. In both cases, we are presented with sensory experiences of qualities that the object in question does not posess, and so, these experiences must be distinct of the object, thus, reiterating the sense-data theory. The argument from illusion has been attacked by the likes of John Austin in his Sense and Sensibilia when he suggests that the argument ‘trades in confusion’ between an illusion and a delusion and gives an example of a church being camoflauged to look like a barn. He wonders whether any sort of serious question can be asked about what we see when we look at it. He tries to put forth that we don’t see anything immaterial and that we can’t say anything about it concerning out sensory experience of it. However, I think that one must take this example from a personal point of view and think about what you would have an experience of if you were to look at the church/barn. You, having no idea that the building has been camouflaged, would have the sense-datum of a barn because you don’t have any evidence to suggest that it is something else. It wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Biases Of The Unconscious Mind1681 Words   |  7 PagesIn this philosophical study, an analysis of the biases of the unconscious mind in relation to the mind of â€Å"others† will be analyzed in the context of a peer-reviewed article on the misuse of anti-depression drugs. The analogical argument of Bertrand Russell defines the example of unconscious associations part of the reason why individuals have a biased view of others, which reflects the problematic ways in which scientists are limited in their understanding of different behaviors. One problem isRead MoreBertrand Russell on Analytical Philsophy Essay example1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it - Bertrand Russell, The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. Bertrand Russell was born in 1872 in Wales, England as a member of a famous British family. He received a degree from Trinity Cambridge College with honors in Mathematics and Moral Sciences. His most famous works included the subjects of logic and philosophy, which were deeplyRead MoreAppearance Vs Reality Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved in numerous disciplines including ethical debates, politics, government, and the human mind. Among the most renowned philosophers are Bertrand Russell and his theory of appearance versus reality. Russell’s theory of appearance and reality sought to compare and differentiate human perception of what is real and intangible and he developed this theory to revoke assumptions between reality and existence. As he starts his essay, Russell urges the audience to reflect on what kind of knowledge canRead MoreChomsky s Argument For The Existence Of A Mind Independent Reality2022 Words   |  9 Pagescase against materialist empiricism via Russell’s argument for the existence of a mind independent reality, followed by a critique of Russell’s stance by way of an updated version of Leibnizian Mathematical Rationalism, which will disprove Russell’s attempt at furnishing an objective mind independent reality through an empiricist epistemology. Russell’s argument for the existence of a mind independent reality is an attempt by Russell to justify the theory that material objects exist independentlyRead MoreLife after Death Essay2099 Words   |  9 Pagesafter death is a topic of controversy in which Bertrand Russell and John Hick discusses the idea of whether it is possible to have life after death. Russell addresses his argument against the idea through his brief ess ay titled â€Å"The Illusion of Immortality† (1957). In addition, Hick also discusses the topic through his work â€Å"In Defense of Life after Death† (1983) of why life after death is a plausible idea. In this paper I will be discussing Russell’s argument against the belief of life after deathRead MoreKnowledge and philosophy are one of the key components for studying accounting. Knowledge is1400 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge should be easily accessible by the public e.g. the users of accounting or accountants themselves. To obtain knowledge we have to make some observations. These observations are then transformed by the process of induction into laws and theories. Therefore knowledge is seen as creating a reality. As mentioned before knowledge is especially important in the construction of realities. This is because accountants in general created these economic realities, this leads to an expectations gapRead MoreComparative Analysis of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgensteins Description of Skepticism3032 Words   |  12 PagesBertrand Russel and Ludwig Wittgensteins personal and professional relationship is well known, with Russel having famously sponsored Wittgensteins submission of Tractatus Logic-Philosophicus for PhD credit at Cambridge University. Both philosophers were important early contributors to the theory of logical atomism, and although they would both go on to reject many of the ideas central to logical atomism, their work nevertheless represented an important break from philosophical Idealism and setRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesrelationship of individuals and communities to the state. It includes questions about justice, the good, law, property, and the rights and obligations of the citizen. †¢ Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. †¢ Logic deals with patterns of thinking that lead from true premises to true conclusions, originally developed in Ancient Greece. Beginning in the late 19th century, mathematicians such as Frege focused on

Performance management is a core concept in organizations human resources management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1913 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Introduction The concept of Performance management is a core concept in organizations human resources management in the sense that it centers every organization goal of performing. In this regard, performance management is defined by Murphy and Margulies (2004) as a systematic process that organization involves its workforce in scope of members of a group or/and as individuals to improve organizations effectiveness in order to accomplish organizations goal and mission. The range of activities that encompasses performance management include developing the capacity to perform, setting expectations and planning work, periodically rating employees performance, monitoring workforce performance, rewarding employees good performance and performance appraisal (Murphy and Margulies, 2004). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance management is a core concept in organizations human resources management" essay for you Create order However, this paper shall seek to review literature regarding performance appraisal with an aim of uncovering effectiveness to an organization and how to further improve its efficiency. In this regard, the paper shall examine the overall concept of performance appraisal and thereafter shall the significance it has to the overall organizational progress. Moreover, the paper deem fit to examine and explain the various methods of performance appraisal, and on how they are conducted with aim of enriching organizations human resources capacity to meet its objectives. LITERATURE REVIEW: PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL The concept of human resource management is that it touches everybody engaged in any form of employment. This means all employees pass through this process as it is through it that various responsibilities are assigned, and personnel acquired for the right tasks. This paper however looks at the human resource department and actually picks one area, Performance Appraisal, and then proceeds to expounding on the role played by performance appraisal. The importance of performance appraisal is without doubt enormous it is an integral part of performance management. Clearly, it is not the only tool to be used to manage performance but, nevertheless, it is one of the ranges of tools of Performance appraisal in the field of human resource management which is used as a tool for evaluating employees. It acts as an effective management and evaluation scheme of staff, aimed at developing, and improving organizational performance. In the corporate world there are the annual, or semi-annual performance appraisals, in which individual staff members are evaluated by their line managers, or Directors being appraised by the Chief Executive Officers, and the CEOs appraised by the company owners or rather the chairman. Therefore performance appraisal touches all the aspects of the organization since all members within a corporation undergo this appraisal at different stages. Performance appraisal according to Grote and Grote (2001) is a formal management system that provides for the evaluation of the quality of an individuals performance in an organization. The term performance appraisal is synonymous to employee appraisal, performance review, or career development discussion. A more encompassing definition is actually provided by Grote (2007) whereby performance appraisal is arguably considered to be a means through which the job performance of an individual is gauged both in terms of quality, quantity, cost, and time, and basically by the respective manager or superviso r (Grote D., 2007, April 29). Therefore performance appraisal falls under the process of career development. It involves the obtaining, analyzing, and recording facts about the corresponding value of an employee to the organization. It is as well an inquiry into the successes of an employer as well as his/her failures, his/her strengths and weaknesses, and finally his/her suitability for promotion and recommendation for further training(Grote D., 2007, April 29) Performance appraisal is therefore a way of assessing the conduct of individual employees at work, quantitative as well as qualitative features of the job. Performance appraisal possesses both systematic as well as objective ways of evaluating employee potential and getting to know how to promote and improve this employee (Grote D., 2007, April 29). Performance appraisal, according to CIPD research(2010, Feb), should however be distinguished from a top down process or rather a situation whereby one person asks question s while the other one answers. It is an opportunity for the parties concerned to engage themselves in a dialogue regarding individual performance, development, as well as to receive the required support from the manager concerned (CIPD, 2010 Feb). CIPD research emphasizes the significance of an affirmative relationship between the staff and the line managers as a result of performance appraisal, but goes ahead to distinguish between performance management with performance appraisal. Accordingly, performance management falls under the strategic level management, and is rather broader as it concerns long term goals; it joins various aspects of business, employee management, groups, and individuals. On the contrary, performance appraisal focuses heavily on the operational aspects which are either short term or medium term (CIPD, 2010 Feb). How to Conduct Performance Appraisal The CIPD research rightfully indicates that conducting performance appraisal is not a clear cut proces s and that there exists several ways to conduct this appraisal process. However it has been proven that a certain number of elements are essential as pertains this process of performance appraisal. These include; measurement, feedback, positive reinforcement, exchange views, and agreement (CIPD, 2010 Feb). Regarding measurement, the manager, assesses employee performance basing on the targets that have been set and agreed upon by both parties, as well as the objectives. For example, in a sales process, a sales executive will be given a target of $1,500,000 on a monthly basis. This implies that the employee attains a 100% mark upon achieving this goal. Failure to achieve it leads to some either further training as per the way forward or termination of the contract. Feedback on the same note is very essential, for it provides employees with in formation regarding their performance and progress. It is actually through feedback that an employee is able to correct areas that need a ttention. Positive reinforcement on the other hand, lays more emphasis on the individual achievements of a member of staff within an organization. It involves constructive criticism on the weaker areas of individual performance. Another key element is that of exchange of views which according to CIPD (2010) involves looking at what has happened, then going a step further to defining on how appraises can lead to improvement of performance on the part of the employees, the kind of boost that should be provided to them, and finally focusing on the aspirations of these employees. In this way the emphasis is shifted from a top down manner of leadership to a more dialogue-oriented style. The Significance of Performance Appraisal Researches conducted by various scholars rightfully indicate that performance appraisal is without doubt, of great importance. Performance appraisal analysts Grote and Grote (2002) in a very reasonable way assert that performance appraisal serves the foll owing functions. According to Grote and Grote, (2002) state that performance appraisal is essential provision of feedback to employees about their performance. The provision of feedback is a common explanation for a business to have a performance appraisal system. Through it the employee learns how well he/she has been doing and then uses that information to develop in the future. Hence, performance appraisal helps by ensuring that the managers prospects are communicated. Additionally Grote (2007), emphasize that performance appraisal assists in the determination of those who qualify for promotions. Almost everyone in an organization wants to get ahead. How should the company decide who gets the brass rings? Performance appraisal makes it easier for the organization to make good decisions about making sure that the most important positions are filled by the most capable individuals. Moreover, performance appraisal facilitates the layoff or downsizing decisions within the organ ization (Murphy and Margulies, 2004). Performance appraisal, promotions are unanimously needed; and people will always avoid dismissals. But forced by economic circumstances an organization has to downsize. Performance appraisal ensures that the most brilliant employees are retained and that only the organizations peripheral performers downsized (Murphy and Margulies, 2004). Performance appraisal encourages performance improvement and superior performance (Grote and Grote, 2002). Superior performance is another classic aim for having a performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal motivates people to perform superiorly in several ways; to begin with, it helps them learn superior standards of an organization. Then, it provides them with ways to show that they really are. Conclusively, performance appraisal inspires individuals to avoid being branded as poor performers (Grote and Grote, 2002, p.210). Furthermore, Grote and Grote, (2002) emphasize that performance appraisal facilitates the setting and measuring goals. The process of goal setting has constantly been revealed as a management process that leads to optimal performance. Therefore, performance appraisal in most cases is used to ensure that organizational members set and achieve operational targets (Grote and Grote, 2002, p.209). Murphy and Margulies (2004) state that performance appraisal help to counsel poor performers. Within an organization setting, some employees do not meet the expected targets. Their standard of performance is questionable and therefore it is the role of managers to use this as an effective tool for counseling these employees. Performance appraisal is a useful tool for the determination of compensation packages. Performance appraisal acts as an efficient method of determining those employees who deserve what pay. It is actually a way of facilitating improved performance so that as employees are executing their mandates, they ensure that they are as well motivate d with better pay. Therefore in the light of Grote, those who do better work receive more pay (Grote and Grote, 2002, p.231). Performance appraisal encourages coaching and mentoring. With regard to coaching and mentoring Grote affirms that managers are expected to play the role of good coaches to members of their team as well as mentors to their responsibilities. Performance appraisal recognizes the areas where coaching is essential and motivates managers to actively embrace the role of coaching (Grote, D. Grote, R., 2002). Performance appraisal promotes manpower planning or succession planning. Organizations that are well-managed from time to time assess their basic strength to ensure that they have the aptitude in their positions that they will need thereafter. Organizations should define who and where their most brilliant members are. They should identify the sections that are endowed with talent and those lacking talent. Performance appraisal therefore acts as a tool requ ired to ensure they have the intelligent individuals required in the long run. Reviews by Murphy and Margulies (2004) Performance appraisal is instrumental in determining individual training and development needs. If the performance appraisal procedure includes a requirement that individual development plans be determined and discussed, individuals can then make good decisions about the skills and competencies they need to acquire to make a greater contribution to the company. As a result, they increase their chances of promotion and lower their odd of layoff. This is another classic reason for having a performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal helps motivate people to deliver superior performance in several ways. First, the appraisal process helps them lean just what it is that the organization considers being superior. Second, since most people want to be seen as superior performers, a performance appraisal process provides them with a means to demonstrate that they a ctually are. Finally, performance appraisal encourages employees to avoid being stigmatized as inferior performers (p.215). In summary, performance appraisal serves a very significant role in the process of dealing with employees and assisting them to focus on the organizational main objective. It provides a firm basis for various issues either in terms of compensation, performance evaluation, or in looking for the way forward so that the organization maintains its stability amid the competitive environment. The various methods analyzed indicate that one tool cannot be used to evaluate employees but rather a collaborative method. The traditional method makes evaluations a one-point focus in the long run hence the modern methods.

Life At The Time And Potential Family Essay - 2144 Words

Every individual has the choice to become a parent or not. Those who choose to become a parent are making the decision to undergo huge changes and transition into a new realm. Deciding to become a parent includes many different steps including, pre-birth planning, division of household labor between spouses, form of delivery, parenting styles, and more which will be explored further on. After graduation and looking forward into the future (Question Twenty One), I do no think that my parents will have any influence on my living whereabouts. My decision will be based on the demand of my current career and/or current relationship status. I will decide by considering all of the different factors and deciphering what works best for my life at the time and potential family. With that being said (Question One), I absolutely plan to become a parent because it is something that I have always wanted; the opportunity to create a family with my significant other and grow together as a unit. Enri chment is a type of parenting reward and it consists of a couple growing together through the experience of parenthood and gaining happiness throughout the process; which are rewards I am looking forward to achieving (Lawson, 2004). Question Two- After about a year or two of marriage, I would like to start having children. I want to be able to experience marriage without children and living life freely with my spouse. I plan to only have two children, preferably, a boy and girl or two girls.Show MoreRelatedThe, Theological, And Cultural Perspectives On End Of Life Issues1179 Words   |  5 Pagesfor dying and the afterlife. Death can take families by surprise sometimes; therefore, they have to make quick decision and may not have all the details need. There are times when families are able to successful plan for their death and afterlife. We have to learn to balance the spectrum for the quality and quantity of life. 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However, we face new ethical dilemmas such as the problem of donor shortage. n the United States, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), â€Å"in 2011 3,614 transplants were performed various organs, but the current waiting list is 92Read MoreBeing A Citizen Of The United States1199 Words   |  5 Pagesremains outside of the prisons walls. When the argument of elderly prisoners who experience diseases, most likely caused by their old age, had the potential to be released from prison and cared for by their families; I was immediately intrigued by the proposal. Introduced in the editorial, â€Å"Why Keep the Old and Sick Behind Bars?† published in The New York Times. One of the main reasons behind their release is the expense of an elderly criminal’s care, an expense the tax payers must meet. Some statisticsRead More Organ Transplants : An Organization1486 Words   |  6 Pagesreceive a second chance at life. 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Suicidal thoughts and feelings should be taken seriously because they’re true

The Hot August Night Inside The Echo Essay - 1914 Words

There is the smell of cigarettes, alcohol, and sweat in the air. It is about 10 PM on a hot August night inside the Echo in Los Angeles. People are packed inside the small music venue waiting as band roadies set up the stage with speakers, microphones, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, and a drum set. Groups of black-clothed or stud, patch, and chain laden people are scattered about; an eager, almost impatient energy dominates the venue’s atmosphere. There is a thumbs up exchange between venue crew members and the lights go off, leaving only bright and colorful stage lights shining on the empty stage. The audience erupts with cheers as four middle-aged men walk on stage. They get in their places and moments later, fast-paced, messy, distortion-heavy music blasts from the stage and speakers. The singer growls, â€Å"I wanna kick in the radio/ I wanna bomb the record store/ I say, destroy all music!† The audience goes wild and a large circle pit immediately forms i n the middle of the venue. Youths and adults alike are running around, slamming into, and aggressively pushing each other in the circle pit. Some people climb on stage and dive into the crowd. All negativity, stress, obligations, and personal afflictions of the people inside the Echo fly out its doors. The band performing was Los Angeles punk rock band the Weirdos. The audience consisted of punk fans. The punk music genre, subculture, and style is often times ignored, ridiculed, or portrayed as a fad that youngShow MoreRelated African Music of the Rastafari, the Rasta Community, the Dreads4350 Words   |  18 Pagescelebrated are the coronation of his Imperial majesty (November 2), his majesty’s ceremonial birthday (January 6), his visit to Jamaica (April 25, 1966), his majesty’s personal birthday (July 23, 1892), Emancipation from slavery (August 1), and Marcus Garvey’s birthday (August 17). This ritual of Rastafari, also known as a grounation, first took place in Jamaica in March of 1958. This was the first nationwide Rasta convention in the home of Rastafari. Grounation means the affirmation of life throughRead MorePersonal Narrative Letter Essay10525 Words   |  43 PagesWolliso better, and it is rumored that the woman who runs the one-room, one-desk, one- drawer post office has lived in the States and speaks impeccable English. The door to the post office is locked, but through the slats I can see that someone is inside and I can hear the English-language radio station broadcasting the news that Haile Gebre Selassie, the Olympic runner, has just been in a car accident in Addis. The hours are posted: 8-12 and 1:30-6. Since it is 9:30, I take the liberty to knockRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 Pagesplaces in the world. The nearest train stop is Society City, and the Greyhound and White Bus Lines use the Forks Falls Road which is three miles away. The winters here are short and raw, the summers white with glare and fiery hot. If you walk along the main street on an August afternoon there is nothing whatsoever to do. The largest building, in the very center of the town, is boarded up completely and leans so far to the right that it seems bound to collapse at any minute. The house is very old.Read MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing9183 Words   |  37 Pagesmustache. I’ve never hooked up with a man, ever. That’s about to change. I know it already. â€Å"Would you like to join us? We’re sitting near the dance floor.† He picks up his drink and follows me to the booth where Dialah and I sit every Friday night. I scoot in first. Prem slides in beside me. His thigh is glued to mine. I’m not moving. He doesn’t either. Dialah is staring at her drink. I look at Prem. â€Å"This is my friend, Dialah.† â€Å"Hi, Prem.† Wait. What? â€Å"You two know each other?† ARead MoreAgricultural Science and Resource Management in the Tropics and Subtropics17383 Words   |  70 Pagesthroughout the drier areas of the tropics for local consumption and in southern Europe and the central and southern United States for local and northern markets. Grown in the tropics for local sale and consumption. Grown for local consumption in the hot dry tropics, but they are more extensively grown in warm temperature countries. - 5 1. Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) By Abrefa Danquah Jones from Ghana - abrefad@yahoo.com - 1.1. Common Name Ibarra, Wild Watermelon A relative ofRead MoreEating Disorders and Free Essays8687 Words   |  35 Pagesyou study and criticize every last inch of your body as the words â€Å"fat, ugly, worthless† echo in your head. You then stagger to the bathroom, using the wall to hold you up. You don’t remember the last time you ate a â€Å"normal† meal. Stepping on the scale will determine your mood for the day. If it has decreased since yesterday, you have succeeded; if it has stayed the same, or worse, gone up, those voices inside your head become stronger, telling you how useless you are.... [tags: Health Eating DisordersRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesthe work and to see it through the Press during his furlough in English. On August 1st, 1917, the ship in which he was travelling with his wife was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland and the Archdeacon lost his life, and the MSS., together with his baggage, disappeared. Towards the end of August a fisherman found the bo x containing the MSS on the shore near Towyn, Wales, where it had been washed up. He found a letter inside with an address, to which he sent the MSS, and in this way they came into theRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages1990s, drug-dealing in its most ugly sense had become part of the dance culture. Palumbo recalled: When I came into this business, with my bonuses and my nice City suits, I was completely naà ¯ve. Just a joke. I found that every Friday and Saturday night my door was taking  £30,000 and the security team was making  £40,000 on Ecstasy. It happens everywhere in the UK leisure business. There are all these fat bastards running chains of discos and bowling alleys, and none of them admits it. 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Is Now the Time for Reparations for African Americans Free Essays

The idea of reparations stems from the argument that African Americans should receive compensation for their unpaid labor, captivity, and the ongoing discriminations. Slavery did provide the means for whites to build wealth, income, and status while African Americans have continued to struggle. The oppression of segregation and the lack of rights made it impossible for African Americans to have any political and economic power to change their position. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Now the Time for Reparations for African Americans or any similar topic only for you Order Now African Americans were unable to vote and use the power government to better their situation, like the Irish immigrants did in New York, until the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 and that only allowed free black men to vote. The reparations for African Americans debate has caused more disagreements than affirmative action has. On one side people believe that reparations are not relevant because it is so strenuous to identify the victims of slavery or punish those who committed the crime especially when they may be no longer around. They also think that reparations would have a negative effect on future racial grievances and the U. S. treasury. On the other side it has been argued that reparations are necessary to reach an economically equal society and reparations is the correct way of dealing with past wrong doings and the current racial inequalities in the United States. Robert L. Allen is in favor of reparations for African Americans. He believes that the problems that African Americans currently face are acquiring property, income and accumulating wealth and that these are a direct result of slavery and segregation. Allen says that reparations can be the start of redistribution of wealth in America so the economic equality between blacks and whites can be less dramatic. African Americans have been fighting for reparations as early as 1854. The reparations were asking for â€Å"redress of our grievances for the unparalleled wrongs, undisguised impositions, and unmitigated oppression which blacks have suffered at the hands of American people. † An anti-slave activist, Sojourner Truth, campaigned to receive free public land for former slaves after the Civil War. In the 1890s, Callie House filed a lawsuit for reparations. A pastor of Third Baptist Church in San Francisco, named Reverend Amos Brown, asked for reparations by way of tax credits and tuition for higher education. In its program for establishing a separate state the Nation of Islam demanded reparations stating that â€Å"former slave masters are obligated to provide minerally rich and fertile land. † Reparations were also desired by the Black Panther Party in tier Ten Point Program. Pointing out in Point Number Three that forty acres and two mules was promised one hundred years ago and would like to receive payment in cash to distribute among the community. In 1969, in New York City, former SNCC leader James Forman presented a Black Manifesto to Riverside Church requesting five hundred million dollars in reparations from white Christian Churches and Jewish synagogues. Forman wrote in The Making of Black Revolutionaries that reparations that were being asked were not only monetary but were also for revolutionary action toward the attitude of white America towards Blacks. The money would be used to help black farmers, businesses, community organization and research on black economic development. In 1968 the Republic of New Africa was founded to establish an independent Black Republic in the southern states with the largest African American population. In 1972 the Republic of New Africa developed an Anti-Depression Program that asked for three hundred billion dollars in reparations to establish self-sustaining communities as a part of an independent black nation. The Republic of New Africa stated that with reparations it is common that one nation pay another to compensate for damage caused by unjust acts of war and that is what has happened to the African nation in America. The programs did make much progress but drew attention in good and bad ways. I believe that African Americans should get reparations but the attitudes of the ones that oppressed them have been to dismiss or undermined them and not show any blame. The National Black Political Convention supported reparations, stating that the poverty of black communities is traceable to slavery and the discrimination that blacks have faced in America. That wealth, power, and capitalism of America was built off of the exploitation of black people. A white law professor names Boris Bitker wrote a booked called The Case for Black Reparations in 1973. Instead of demanding reparations based on the injustice of slavery, Bitker argued to seek reparations for â€Å"injuries caused by a system of legally imposed segregation that violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. † That segregation and the Jim Crow laws founded in 1954 were unconstitutional and therefore subject to redress. Economists, following the lead of Robert S. Browne, produced work on the economics of slavery, the present value of past labor performed by slaves, the value of black labor since emancipation and racial disparities in distribution of wealth. From a political economic standpoint Robert Allen believes the process of underdevelopment of the African American community and the role of the state are vital in understanding the quest for reparations. The author of How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, Manning Marable, argued that capitalism is the root cause of the underdevelopment of black America, while the wealth from slave labor has increased the development of North America economically and politically. He wrote in his book that capitalist development has occurred because of black exploitation and African Americans have never been equal in the American Social Contract because the system exists to under develop Black people. This is true but that is are more opportunities for African Americans to pull themselves out of poverty but that doesn’t mean that it is correct to leave large communities in that situation. The underdeveloped African American community was established by the restriction of black labor in slavery and underclass work, the restriction and twisted development of African American business and home ownership, the regressive political leadership, destruction of black education, racist violence, and the incarceration of black youth. As Marable also stated in his book and had support from many others, that the role of the state played an important part in the black communities’ underdevelopment. The state was directly involved in taking the value from black workers and blocked the capital accumulation by Black people. Laws establishing that black labor could be abused without compensation or punishment have been passed since the earliest colonial period. Slavery existed in the Virginia colonies in the 1640s and it because institutionalized by 1660s. P401 Edward Fagan, a New York Lawyer, started a campaign against companies that have he thinks have profited from slavery. He is targeting at least 60 companies some which are Lehman Brothers, New York Life, Aetna, Liggett, and Norfolk Southern. He is filling suits on behalf of all descendants of slaves in America and the defendants are the legal successors of entities that existed and profited during slavery. Economists plead ill gotten gain in the trillions that is asked for but Fagan expects the settlement to be in the tens of billions. Along with a black activist by the name of Deadria Farmer-Paellmann, Mr. Fagan bases is plan on two main things, lobbying the government to pay its share and for a few companies to grow tired of the lawsuits and pays off. Congress made payouts in the sum of one point six billion dollars to eighty thousand Japanese-Americans were placed in camps during the Second World War. The German government also made reparations to Israel for its role in the Holocaust. Mr. Fagan and other lawyers sued German companies on behalf of former slave laborers. Two of the suits were dismissed as a matter of foreign policy but New York regulators along with hundreds of local authorities threatened Deutsche Bank and other businesses to regulatory sanctions. The firms and the German government created a fund of five point two billion dollars which is being disbursed. The case may be undermined by the money because every dollar that should have been paid to slaves one hundred and fifty years ago can be worth anywhere from six thousand dollars to four hundred thousand dollars. It is also hard to assess the profits that the banks and insurers received from slavery. To overtake these obstacles Mr. Fagan thinks that public opinion can play in his favor, if there are boycotts, shareholder lawsuits, and local politicians willing to hold hearings and study the impact of slavery in their jurisdiction. The challengers of reparations for African Americans typically do not accept the connection between America’s racist past and the underdeveloped black communities. They also think that the current generation of African Americans doesn’t hold them accountable. There has been so much time that has passed since slavery and there is still so much animosity on both sides that I don’t believe that the conflict will never go away. The opponents of reparations actually think that the overall view of white Americans is that they no longer identify themselves the racist past of the United States. Reparation in the United States for African American slavery is a controversy that is surrounded by resistance. Word Count: 1527 How to cite Is Now the Time for Reparations for African Americans, Essays

The Birth of Sun Paintings Essay Example For Students

The Birth of Sun Paintings Essay Between 1844-6, William Henry Fox Talbot used the title The Pencil of Nature for his set of published prints which featured images of botanical specimens, photograms, still life and landscapes. Photography was very young at the time of the Pencil of Nature; this set being the first published photographically illustrated book. Talbot first investigated the usage of the camera obscura and camera lucida to aid his sketches by tracing the image projected onto the paper through the prism; it was his inability to draw which caused him to experiment with a mechanical method of capturing and retaining an image Leggat, 2000. Through his want to record the everyday beautiful without the need of an artistically skilful hand, came his procession into photography. Talbot saw the results of his investigations not as a collection of random images, but the possibilities he saw for photography, including pictorial, scientific and technical usages Marshall, 2004. Talbot had a scientific outlook and sensational enthusiasm for his calotypes, a paper process which he invented. He saw them as successful outcomes of his intention to fix the image he saw, exactly as he saw it without the recourse of the artists pencil Scharf, p14, but only for a very short time without a fixative. He was recorded in the Fox Talbot Museum as having problems with the salt print fading rapidly, how charming it would be if it were possible to cause these natural images to imprint themselves durably and remain fixed upon the paper. The problem of the disappearing image was later solved by Sir John Herschels invention of fixative. From the plates of the Pencil of Nature, two images that I believe to illustrate the title well are Flowers Leaves and Stem, and Transverse Section of a Stem. The image Flowers Leaves and Stem is a botanical photogram, showing the form of flowers and plants. Talbot did this print by placing leaves and flowers onto paper soaked in sodium nitrate and sodium chloride, making it light sensitive, and positioning it in direct sunlight. After chemical development, the final image is a drawing of flora by the sun. Detail can be seen in some parts of the image where the light has penetrated single petals, offering the subscribers of the Pencil of Nature a slightly different view into the botanical, as the more scientific Transverse Section of a Stem does. Transverse Section of a Stem is a microgram of a stem, created by light passing through the stem slice onto treated paper through the microscope. This is something that people would not see with the naked eye, and not without a microscope, arousing interest in the piece. The image shows both the negative and the positive. The positive was attained from the negative by placing the negative onto a sheet of chemically treated paper, then exposing it to the sun. The result is a directly reversed image of the negative. This was the first process that enabled people to make multiple copies from a negative, unlike existing processes that were one-off shots. Transverse Section of a Stem reflects Talbots scientific approach to photography; what was first made as an aid to drawing continued as an investigation into the sciences and later, an experiment into a new form of artistic expression. Apart from the scientific, Talbot also shows a strong artistic taste. From the Pencil of Nature, it was the more artistic pictures that attracted the most attention Marshall, 2004. Marshall cites Talbot stating a very pictorial sense of view in his review of the Pencil of Nature; A painters eye will often be arrested where ordinary people see nothing remarkable. A casual gleam of sunshine, or a shadow thrown across his path, a time-withered oak, or a moss-covered stone may awaken a train of thoughts and feeling, and picturesque imaginings. Talbot had an affinity to the artistic, and from his want to record the beautiful sprung which I feel is best displayed in The Ladder. .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 , .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .postImageUrl , .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 , .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:hover , .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:visited , .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:active { border:0!important; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:active , .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92 .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89cb023377f78fbb660891e7e0ac5a92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: L. S. Lowry's painting: Waiting for the shop to open EssayThe image is of three men posed in front of a stone storehouse, with a ladder leaning against the wall above the door. The three men, one facing, one side on and the other with his back to the camera, form a triangle in the image. A second triangle is formed between the ladder and the bent shadow of the ladder in the middle of the mens triangle. Thick bare vines creep up the side of the storehouse on either side of the door, framing the subjects. The composition of the image is the key feature; it has been well thought out and is a very pictorial scene, taking after the classical painterly traditions. Before Talbot and the few photographers in his time, scenes such as this would not have been contrived without the hand of an engraver, sketcher or painter. In Talbots Pencil of Nature, the first set of images were accompanied by a Notice to Reader after it was realised that many viewers did not understand what the pictures physically were. In Marshalls review of Pencil of Nature, he cites that the notice read The plates of the present work are impressed by the agent of Light alone, without any aid whatever from the artists pencil. They are sun-pictures themselves, and not, as some persons have imagined, engravings in imitation. He called his prints shadow pictures, sun paintings and sun drawings, and is quoted in Scharfs Pioneers of Photography as stating that they were impressed by Natures hand p15. This is true, to put the process of photography simply. With the help of chemicals, it is light and shadow that is recorded on the roll of film in our camera, and light which allows us to expose the image in printing. Photography is a very common term now, but in Talbots time it was looked upon with fresh eyes and the process explained in words which to us now, seem too wondrous for such a familiar method.